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Oxidative stress (OS) is an emerging research area in clinical and biological sciences due to its association with various diseases and physiological processes. OS occurs when there is an imbalance between the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the body's ability to neutralize or repair the damage caused. Chronic oxidative stress is linked to diseases like diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, cancer, and neurodegenerative disorders. Accurate monitoring of OS is crucial for diagnosing diseases, evaluating disease progression, and predicting clinical results. Despite challenges in measuring free radicals due to their short half-life and low concentrations, it can be indirectly assessed through biomarkers like lipid peroxidation, DNA damage, and protein oxidation. The most effective analytical techniques for assessing OS biomarkers in various biological fluids were developed. Furthermore, an in-depth exploration of these various analytical methodologies, underscoring their sensitivity, specificity, and reliability in detecting low concentrations of biomarkers across complex matrices is necessary. A comprehensive literature search was conducted using databases such as Google Scholar, PubMed and Reaxys to identify relevant studies on OS biomarkers. This review explores the evolution of these techniques, highlighting advancements in sample preparation procedures and the specifications of each technique, offering a thorough evaluation of biomarker analysis.
Keywords: Oxidative stress; biological fluids; biomarkers; matrix components; quantification; reactive oxygen species.
Plain language summary
Oxidative stress (OS) happens when harmful molecules such as reactive oxygen species (ROS) build up in the body faster than it can remove them. This imbalance can lead to various diseases like diabetes, heart disease, cancer, and some brain disorders. Since ROS are difficult to measure directly because of multiple reasons, scientists look for specific signs of damage in fats, proteins, and DNA to assess OS. Tracking these signs is important for diagnosing diseases, understanding how they progress and improving treatments. In the recent years, research labs have developed advanced testing methods to detect these signs in body fluids like blood, urine, and saliva. Over time, these techniques have become more accurate and reliable. This review explores how these testing methods have evolved, highlighting improvements in sensitivity and sample preparation. Understanding these advancements helps researchers and doctors better assess oxidative stress, leading to earlier disease detection and more effective treatments.
