Jennifer Wipperman MD, MPH
Jennifer Wipperman MD
Calcium is an essential element for normal physiologic function. Normal serum calcium is maintained within a close range of 8.4 to 10.4 mg/dL, and acute or severe changes can result in serious cardiac, musculoskeletal, and neurologic conseq...
Review
FP essentials. 2026 Jun:565:30-37. DOI: 2026
Jared Regehr MD
Jared Regehr MD
Maintaining a normal physiologic acid-base balance is essential for the functioning of every organ system in the body. The renal and pulmonary systems are the primary regulators of acid-base balance. There are four principal acid-base disor...
Review
FP essentials. 2026 Jun:565:23-29. DOI: 2026
Jeff Beekhuizen DO, FAAFP
Jeff Beekhuizen DO
A normal serum potassium level of 3.5 to 5.0 mEq/L is maintained via potassium ingestion, excretion, and distribution between intra- and extracellular fluid. Potassium balance is essential for maintenance of normal resting cell membrane pot...
Review
FP essentials. 2026 Jun:565:14-22. DOI: 2026
Aaron Olson MD
Aaron Olson MD
Sodium disorders are commonly encountered in clinical practice and are frequently misunderstood. Abnormal serum sodium levels are due to an imbalance in free water. Hyponatremia and hypernatremia can be asymptomatic if mild and chronic; how...
Review
FP essentials. 2026 Jun:565:7-13. DOI: 2026
Ryan D Kauffman MD, FAAFP, CCFP
Ryan D Kauffman MD
Jama M Darling MD
Jama M Darling MD
Although metabolic, viral, and drug- and alcohol-related etiologies are a familiar part of the evaluation of elevated liver enzymes, less common causes include autoimmune hepatitis, Wilson disease, and hereditary hemochromatosis. Each has a...
Review
FP essentials. 2026 Jul:566:37-46. DOI: 2026
Hepatitis Overview: Alcohol-Associated Liver Disease and Drug-Induced Liver Injury [0.03%]
慢性肝病概述：酒精性肝病和药物性肝损伤
Ellen W Green MD, PhD
Ellen W Green MD
Alcohol-associated liver disease is the leading cause of cirrhosis in the United States and has become the top indication for liver transplantation since direct-acting antivirals allowed for cure of hepatitis C. The COVID-19 pandemic compou...
Review
FP essentials. 2026 Jul:566:25-36. DOI: 2026
Richard A Moore Ii MD, AAHIVS
Richard A Moore Ii MD
More than 300 million people globally have viral hepatitis. Predominantly caused by hepatitis A, B, and C viruses, viral hepatitis continues to confer high levels of morbidity and mortality despite the availability of vaccines and advances ...
Review
FP essentials. 2026 Jul:566:15-24. DOI: 2026
Hepatitis Overview: Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease [0.03%]
代谢功能异常相关性肝脂肪变性疾病概述
Jonathan T Mitchell MD,Claire L Porter MD
Jonathan T Mitchell MD
Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) is a complex disease closely related to obesity and other cardiometabolic processes. It affects millions worldwide and is on track to markedly increase cases of end-stage live...
Review
FP essentials. 2026 Jul:566:7-14. DOI: 2026
Hepatitis Overview [0.03%]
肝炎概述
Michelle Nelson MD, FAAFP, DipABLM et al.
Michelle Nelson MD et al.