Gut microbiota, lipopolysaccharides, and innate immunity in the pathogenesis of obesity and cardiovascular risk [0.03%]
肠道微生物群、脂多糖和先天免疫在肥胖及心血管风险发病机制中的作用
Melania Manco,Lorenza Putignani,Gian Franco Bottazzo
Melania Manco
Compelling evidence supports the concepts that gut microbiota actively promotes weight gain and fat accumulation and sustains, indirectly, a condition of low-grade inflammation, thus enhancing the cardiovascular risk. Fewer Bacteroidetes an...
G E Krassas,K Poppe,D Glinoer
G E Krassas
Via its interaction in several pathways, normal thyroid function is important to maintain normal reproduction. In both genders, changes in SHBG and sex steroids are a consistent feature associated with hyper- and hypothyroidism and were alr...
Alicia Jawerbaum,Verónica White
Alicia Jawerbaum
The worldwide increase in the incidence of diabetes, the increase in type 2 diabetes in women at reproductive ages, and the cross-generation of the intrauterine programming of type 2 diabetes are the bases for the growing interest in the us...
Panayota Mitrou,Sotirios A Raptis,George Dimitriadis
Panayota Mitrou
Hyperthyroidism leads to an enhanced demand for glucose, which is primarily provided by increased rates of hepatic glucose production due to increased gluconeogenesis (in the fasting state) and increased Cori cycle activity (in the late pos...
Genetics of osteoporosis [0.03%]
骨质疏松症的遗传学
Stuart H Ralston,André G Uitterlinden
Stuart H Ralston
Osteoporosis is a common disease with a strong genetic component characterized by reduced bone mass, defects in the microarchitecture of bone tissue, and an increased risk of fragility fractures. Twin and family studies have shown high heri...
Molecular genetic studies of gene identification for osteoporosis: the 2009 update [0.03%]
骨质疏松症基因定位研究的分子遗传学：2009年更新版
Xiang-Hong Xu,Shan-Shan Dong,Yan Guo et al.
Xiang-Hong Xu et al.
Osteoporosis is a complex human disease that results in increased susceptibility to fragility fractures. It can be phenotypically characterized using several traits, including bone mineral density, bone size, bone strength, and bone turnove...
The neurobiology of preovulatory and estradiol-induced gonadotropin-releasing hormone surges [0.03%]
促性腺激素释放激素激增的神经生物学效应及其与雌二醇的关系
Catherine A Christian,Suzanne M Moenter
Catherine A Christian
Ovarian steroids normally exert homeostatic negative feedback on GnRH release. During sustained exposure to elevated estradiol in the late follicular phase of the reproductive cycle, however, the feedback action of estradiol switches to pos...
The melanocortin-4 receptor: physiology, pharmacology, and pathophysiology [0.03%]
黑素皮质素-4受体：生理学、药理学和病理生理学
Ya-Xiong Tao
Ya-Xiong Tao
The melanocortin-4 receptor (MC4R) was cloned in 1993 by degenerate PCR; however, its function was unknown. Subsequent studies suggest that the MC4R might be involved in regulating energy homeostasis. This hypothesis was confirmed in 1997 b...
The role of blood vessels, endothelial cells, and vascular pericytes in insulin secretion and peripheral insulin action [0.03%]
血管、内皮细胞和血管周细胞在胰岛素分泌和外周胰岛素作用中的作用
Oliver C Richards,Summer M Raines,Alan D Attie
Oliver C Richards
The pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes is intimately intertwined with the vasculature. Insulin must efficiently enter the bloodstream from pancreatic beta-cells, circulate throughout the body, and efficiently exit the bloodstream to reach targ...
Mary-Elizabeth Patti,Silvia Corvera
Mary-Elizabeth Patti
The pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) is varied and complex. However, the association of DM with obesity and inactivity indicates an important, and potentially pathogenic, link between fuel and energy homeostasis and the emer...