Early-life glucocorticoid exposure: the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, placental function, and long-term disease risk [0.03%]
生命早期糖皮质激素暴露：下丘脑-垂体-肾上腺轴、胎盘功能和长期疾病风险
Thorsten Braun,John R Challis,John P Newnham et al.
Thorsten Braun et al.
An adverse early-life environment is associated with long-term disease consequences. Adversity early in life is hypothesized to elicit developmental adaptations that serve to improve fetal and postnatal survival and prepare the organism for...
Einav Yehuda-Shnaidman,Bella Kalderon,Jacob Bar-Tana
Einav Yehuda-Shnaidman
Thyroid hormone (TH) has long been recognized as a major modulator of metabolic efficiency, energy expenditure, and thermogenesis. TH effects in regulating metabolic efficiency are transduced by controlling the coupling of mitochondrial oxi...
Andrzej T Slominski,Michal A Zmijewski,Blazej Zbytek et al.
Andrzej T Slominski et al.
The discovery of corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) or CRH defining the upper regulatory arm of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, along with the identification of the corresponding receptors (CRFRs 1 and 2), represents a mile...
The rachitic tooth [0.03%]
佝偻病牙
Brian L Foster,Francisco H Nociti Jr,Martha J Somerman
Brian L Foster
Teeth are mineralized organs composed of three unique hard tissues, enamel, dentin, and cementum, and supported by the surrounding alveolar bone. Although odontogenesis differs from osteogenesis in several respects, tooth mineralization is ...
H Herschel Conaway,Petra Henning,Ulf H Lerner
H Herschel Conaway
Vitamin A (retinol) is ingested as either retinyl esters or carotenoids and metabolized to active compounds such as 11-cis-retinal, which is important for vision, and all-trans-retinoic acid, which is the primary mediator of biological acti...
J Bowers,J Terrien,M S Clerget-Froidevaux et al.
J Bowers et al.
Studies in humans and in animal models show negative correlations between thyroid hormone (TH) levels and longevity. TH signaling is implicated in maintaining and integrating metabolic homeostasis at multiple levels, notably centrally in th...
Tumors, IGF-2, and hypoglycemia: insights from the clinic, the laboratory, and the historical archive [0.03%]
肿瘤、IGF-2和低血糖：来自临床、实验室和历史档案的见解
Yevgeniya Dynkevich,Kristina I Rother,Ian Whitford et al.
Yevgeniya Dynkevich et al.
Tumors of mesenchymal and epithelial origin produce IGF-2, which activates pathways in the tumors. In a minority of patients, the tumors (hepatomas, fibromas, and fibrosarcomas are the most common among many) release into the circulation en...
John M Hutson,Bridget R Southwell,Ruili Li et al.
John M Hutson et al.
The first half of this review examines the boundary between endocrinology and embryonic development, with the aim of highlighting the way hormones and signaling systems regulate the complex morphological changes to enable the intra-abdomina...