Bernadette Biondi,Leonard Wartofsky
Bernadette Biondi
Thyroid hormone deficiency can have important repercussions. Treatment with thyroid hormone in replacement doses is essential in patients with hypothyroidism. In this review, we critically discuss the thyroid hormone formulations that are a...
Adverse health consequences of performance-enhancing drugs: an Endocrine Society scientific statement [0.03%]
关于促进运动表现药物的不良健康后果的内分泌学会科学声明
Harrison G Pope Jr,Ruth I Wood,Alan Rogol et al.
Harrison G Pope Jr et al.
Despite the high prevalence of performance-enhancing drug (PED) use, media attention has focused almost entirely on PED use by elite athletes to illicitly gain a competitive advantage in sports, and not on the health risks of PEDs. There is...
Central regulation of hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis under physiological and pathophysiological conditions [0.03%]
生理和病理生理条件下的下丘脑-垂体-甲状腺轴的中枢调节
Csaba Fekete,Ronald M Lechan
Csaba Fekete
TRH is a tripeptide amide that functions as a neurotransmitter but also serves as a neurohormone that has a critical role in the central regulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis. Hypophysiotropic TRH neurons involved in this ne...
Growth hormone, insulin-like growth factor-1, and the kidney: pathophysiological and clinical implications [0.03%]
生长激素、胰岛素样生长因子-1与肾脏：病理生理和临床意义
Peter Kamenický,Gherardo Mazziotti,Marc Lombès et al.
Peter Kamenický et al.
Besides their growth-promoting properties, GH and IGF-1 regulate a broad spectrum of biological functions in several organs, including the kidney. This review focuses on the renal actions of GH and IGF-1, taking into account major advances ...
Adrenocortical carcinoma [0.03%]
肾上腺皮质癌
Tobias Else,Alex C Kim,Aaron Sabolch et al.
Tobias Else et al.
Adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) is a rare endocrine malignancy, often with an unfavorable prognosis. Here we summarize the knowledge about diagnosis, epidemiology, pathophysiology, and therapy of ACC. Over recent years, multidisciplinary cli...
Peter Rotwein
Peter Rotwein
Geoffrey L Greene
Geoffrey L Greene
Carla Portulano,Monika Paroder-Belenitsky,Nancy Carrasco
Carla Portulano
The Na(+)/I(-) symporter (NIS) is the plasma membrane glycoprotein that mediates active I(-) transport in the thyroid and other tissues, such as salivary glands, stomach, lactating breast, and small intestine. In the thyroid, NIS-mediated I...
Monalisa F Azevedo,Fabio R Faucz,Eirini Bimpaki et al.
Monalisa F Azevedo et al.
Cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases (PDEs) are enzymes that have the unique function of terminating cyclic nucleotide signaling by catalyzing the hydrolysis of cAMP and GMP. They are critical regulators of the intracellular concentrations ...
Breaking tolerance to thyroid antigens: changing concepts in thyroid autoimmunity [0.03%]
甲状腺抗原耐受性丧失与自身免疫的新概念
Sandra M McLachlan,Basil Rapoport
Sandra M McLachlan
Thyroid autoimmunity involves loss of tolerance to thyroid proteins in genetically susceptible individuals in association with environmental factors. In central tolerance, intrathymic autoantigen presentation deletes immature T cells with h...