Diabetic Gastroparesis [0.03%]
糖尿病胃轻瘫
Adil E Bharucha,Yogish C Kudva,David O Prichard
Adil E Bharucha
This review covers the epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical features, diagnosis, and management of diabetic gastroparesis, and more broadly diabetic gastroenteropathy, which encompasses all the gastrointestinal manifestations of diabetes...
Uterine Glands: Developmental Biology and Functional Roles in Pregnancy [0.03%]
子宫腺体：发育生物学及其在妊娠中的功能作用
Andrew M Kelleher,Francesco J DeMayo,Thomas E Spencer
Andrew M Kelleher
All mammalian uteri contain glands in the endometrium that develop only or primarily after birth. Gland development or adenogenesis in the postnatal uterus is intrinsically regulated by proliferation, cell-cell interactions, growth factors ...
Potential Clinical Error Arising From Use of HbA1c in Diabetes: Effects of the Glycation Gap [0.03%]
糖化血红蛋白检测在糖尿病诊疗中的潜在临床错误：糖化差距的影响
Ananth U Nayak,Baldev M Singh,Simon J Dunmore
Ananth U Nayak
The glycation gap (GGap) and the similar hemoglobin glycation index (HGI) define consistent differences between glycated hemoglobin and actual glycemia derived from fructosamine or mean blood glucose, respectively. Such a disparity may be f...
The Aging Thyroid: A Reappraisal Within the Geroscience Integrated Perspective [0.03%]
从整体老化科学角度对甲状腺老化的再评估
Claudio Franceschi,Rita Ostan,Stefano Mariotti et al.
Claudio Franceschi et al.
The thyroid plays a crucial and pervasive role in physiology (metabolism, thermogenesis, and immunity, among others) and its aging and related changes in thyroid hormone production contribute to the common occurrence of thyroid diseases in ...
Sandra Handgraaf,Jacques Philippe
Sandra Handgraaf
Sex steroid estrogens, androgens, and progesterone, produced by the gonads, which have long been considered as endocrine glands, are implicated in sexual differentiation, puberty, and reproduction. However, the impact of sex hormones goes b...
Insulin Resistance and Atherosclerosis: Implications for Insulin-Sensitizing Agents [0.03%]
胰岛素抵抗与动脉粥样硬化——改善胰岛素抗性药物的含义
Antonino Di Pino,Ralph A DeFronzo
Antonino Di Pino
Patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) are at high risk for macrovascular complications, which represent the major cause of mortality. Despite effective treatment of established cardiovascular (CV) risk factors (dyslipidemia, hyperte...
Antonio C Bianco,Alexandra Dumitrescu,Balázs Gereben et al.
Antonio C Bianco et al.
Thyroid hormone (TH) molecules enter cells via membrane transporters and, depending on the cell type, can be activated (i.e., T4 to T3 conversion) or inactivated (i.e., T3 to 3,3'-diiodo-l-thyronine or T4 to reverse T3 conversion). These re...
Endometriosis [0.03%]
子宫内膜异位症
Serdar E Bulun,Bahar D Yilmaz,Christia Sison et al.
Serdar E Bulun et al.
Pelvic endometriosis is a complex syndrome characterized by an estrogen-dependent chronic inflammatory process that affects primarily pelvic tissues, including the ovaries. It is caused when shed endometrial tissue travels retrograde into t...
Nicolai J Wewer Albrechtsen,Jens Pedersen,Katrine D Galsgaard et al.
Nicolai J Wewer Albrechtsen et al.
Both type 2 diabetes (T2D) and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) strongly associate with increasing body mass index, and together these metabolic diseases affect millions of individuals. In patients with T2D, increased secretion of g...
Emerging Roles for Serotonin in Regulating Metabolism: New Implications for an Ancient Molecule [0.03%]
五羟色胺在代谢调控中的新兴作用：古老分子的新启示
Julian M Yabut,Justin D Crane,Alexander E Green et al.
Julian M Yabut et al.
Serotonin is a phylogenetically ancient biogenic amine that has played an integral role in maintaining energy homeostasis for billions of years. In mammals, serotonin produced within the central nervous system regulates behavior, suppresses...