ER Stress in Cardiometabolic Diseases: From Molecular Mechanisms to Therapeutics [0.03%]
心元代谢病中的内质网应激：从分子机制到治疗措施
Amir Ajoolabady,Shuyi Wang,Guido Kroemer et al.
Amir Ajoolabady et al.
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) hosts linear polypeptides and fosters natural folding of proteins through ER-residing chaperones and enzymes. Failure of the ER to align and compose proper protein architecture leads to accumulation of misfold...
Physiological and Pharmacological Roles of PTH and PTHrP in Bone Using Their Shared Receptor, PTH1R [0.03%]
通过其共同受体PTH1R探讨PTH和PTHrP在骨组织中的生理及药理作用
T John Martin,Natalie A Sims,Ego Seeman
T John Martin
Parathyroid hormone (PTH) and the paracrine factor, PTH-related protein (PTHrP), have preserved in evolution sufficient identities in their amino-terminal domains to share equivalent actions upon a common G protein-coupled receptor, PTH1R, ...
Macrophage Responses to Environmental Stimuli During Homeostasis and Disease [0.03%]
稳态与疾病状态下环境刺激诱发的巨噬细胞反应
Adil Rasheed,Katey J Rayner
Adil Rasheed
Work over the last 40 years has described macrophages as a heterogeneous population that serve as the frontline surveyors of tissue immunity. As a class, macrophages are found in almost every tissue in the body and as distinct populations w...
Steffen Maak,Frode Norheim,Christian A Drevon et al.
Steffen Maak et al.
In 2002, a transmembrane protein-now known as FNDC5-was discovered and shown to be expressed in skeletal muscle, heart, and brain. It was virtually ignored for 10 years, until a study in 2012 proposed that, in response to exercise, the ecto...
Androgen Misuse and Abuse [0.03%]
雄激素的误用和滥用
David J Handelsman
David J Handelsman
Androgens are potent drugs requiring prescription for valid medical indications but are misused for invalid, unproven, or off-label reasons as well as being abused without prescription for illicit nonmedical application for performance or i...
Kunal Desai,Jeffrey M McManus,Nima Sharifi
Kunal Desai
Huggins and Hodges demonstrated the therapeutic effect of gonadal testosterone deprivation in the 1940s and therefore firmly established the concept that prostate cancer is a highly androgen-dependent disease. Since that time, hormonal ther...
Praegnatio Perturbatio-Impact of Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals [0.03%]
内分泌干扰物的影响 Praegenatio Perturbatio
Vasantha Padmanabhan,Wenhui Song,Muraly Puttabyatappa
Vasantha Padmanabhan
The burden of adverse pregnancy outcomes such as preterm birth and low birth weight is considerable across the world. Several risk factors for adverse pregnancy outcomes have been identified. One risk factor for adverse pregnancy outcomes r...
Manita Shakya,Iris Lindberg
Manita Shakya
The kexin-like proprotein convertases perform the initial proteolytic cleavages that ultimately generate a variety of different mature peptide and proteins, ranging from brain neuropeptides to endocrine peptide hormones, to structural prote...
Making, Cloning, and the Expression of Human Insulin Genes in Bacteria: The Path to Humulin [0.03%]
人造胰岛素的制备及在细菌中的克隆与表达——Humulin的研发之路
Arthur D Riggs
Arthur D Riggs
In the mid- to late 1970s, recombinant deoxyribonucleic acid methods for cloning and expressing genes in E. coli were under intense development. The important question had become: Can humans design and chemically synthesize novel genes that...
Revisiting the Complexity of GLP-1 Action from Sites of Synthesis to Receptor Activation [0.03%]
从合成部位到受体激活.GLP-1作用的复杂性再探讨
Brent A McLean,Chi Kin Wong,Jonathan E Campbell et al.
Brent A McLean et al.
Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is produced in gut endocrine cells and in the brain, and acts through hormonal and neural pathways to regulate islet function, satiety, and gut motility, supporting development of GLP-1 receptor (GLP-1R) agon...