Motohiro Yukitake
Motohiro Yukitake
Rabies is a fatal encephalitis caused by the rabies virus. Japan is currently free of endemic rabies; the last domestically acquired human case of rabies infection was reported in 1956. Four rabies cases have been reported in Japan since th...
Hiroaki Yokote,Taiichiro Kobayashi,Yoshiharu Miura
Hiroaki Yokote
HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) are characterized by an insidious onset and a slowly progressive course and are observed in approximately 20-50% of people living with HIV. No disease-specific laboratory tests or neuroimaging ...
Makoto Nakashima,Yoshihisa Yamano
Makoto Nakashima
Human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1)-associated myelopathy (HAM) is a neuroimmunological disorder in which the infiltration of HTLV-1-infected T cells into the spinal cord triggers chronic inflammation and neurological damage. HAM pr...
Kinya Matsuo
Kinya Matsuo
Japanese encephalitis remains a clinically relevant neuroinfectious disease in Japan. Adults in middle- to older- age groups are at higher risk due to the low prevalence of neutralizing antibodies. Clinicians should consider this disease wh...
Masao Ogata
Masao Ogata
Human herpesvirus 6B (HHV-6B) is a β-herpesvirus that establishes latency following primary infection during early childhood. In immunocompromised individuals, particularly those who have undergone allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transp...
Yusuke Sakiyama
Yusuke Sakiyama
Varicella-zoster virus causes varicella and herpes zoster and a wide spectrum of central nervous system (CNS) complications, such as meningitis, encephalitis, myelitis, and stroke. Severe manifestations are more often observed in older adul...
Akihiko Morita
Akihiko Morita
Herpes simplex encephalitis (HSE) is the most common cause of sporadic viral encephalitis and is associated with severe mortality and morbidity. No clinical features are pathognomonic for HSE. The gold standard for diagnosing HSE is a herpe...
Katsuro Shindo
Katsuro Shindo
Tetanus is a severe, potentially fatal disease caused by infection with Clostridium tetani, an anaerobic, spore-forming, Gram-positive bacillus. This organism produces tetanospasmin, a potent neurotoxin that enters nerve terminals and retro...
[Botulism in Japan] [0.03%]
[日本肉毒杆菌病]
Keigo Kihara,Hideki Mochizuki
Keigo Kihara
Botulism is a paralytic disease caused by the neurotoxin mainly produced by Clostridium botulinum. Botulism is classified as infant, foodborne, wound, adult intestinal toxemia, iatrogenic, and inhalation botulism. In Japan, type E botulism ...
[Hansen's Disease] [0.03%]
[汉森病]
Yu Shiozaki,Mai Kimura,Norihisa Ishii
Yu Shiozaki
Hansen's disease is a chronic infection of the skin and peripheral nerves caused by Mycobacterium leprae and Mycobacterium lepromatosis. Recently, only a few new cases have been reported in Japan. Diagnosis is based on the demonstration of ...