George F Koob
George F Koob
Drug addiction can be defined by a compulsion to seek and take drug and loss of control in limiting intake, and the excessive drug taking derives from multiple motivational mechanisms. One such mechanism is the emergence of a negative emoti...
J David Jentsch
J David Jentsch
Different conceptual frameworks have been generated to explain substance abuse; of relevance to this article, dysfunction of impulse control systems that are required for avoiding or stopping drug-seeking and -taking may play a key role in ...
Stress and Rodent Models of Drug Addiction: Role of VTA-Accumbens-PFC-Amygdala Circuit [0.03%]
压力和药物成瘾啮齿类动物模型：伏隔核-前额叶-杏仁体环路的作用
Jasmine J Yap,Klaus A Miczek
Jasmine J Yap
Stress can trigger, intensify, and prolong drug consumption, as well as reinstate previously extinguished drug-taking behavior by directly impacting a neural circuit often referred to as a reward pathways. Animal models of drug abuse have b...
Patricia Sue Grigson
Patricia Sue Grigson
In the words of the late Charles Flaherty, reward comparison is commonplace. Rats and man, it appears, compare all rewards and this capacity likely contributes to our ability to select the most appropriate reward/behavior (food, water, salt...
Relapse to drug seeking following prolonged abstinence: the role of environmental stimuli [0.03%]
长时间戒除之后复吸：环境刺激的作用
R A Fuchs,H C Lasseter,D R Ramirez et al.
R A Fuchs et al.
Successful treatment of drug addiction must involve relapse prevention informed by our understanding of the neurobiological bases of drug relapse. In humans, exposure to drug-associated environmental stimuli can elicit drug craving and rela...
Heather L Bartlett,Daniel L Weeks
Heather L Bartlett
The developing embryos of the South African (Xenopus laevis) and Western (Xenopus tropicalis) clawed frogs provide an experimentally tractable and easily visualized model for vertebrate cardiovascular development. Most of the genes used to ...
Todd Evans
Todd Evans
This review highlights recent progress in the use of embryonic stem cell (ESC) systems for studying and treating cardiovascular disease. Although ESCs represent an in vitro system, they can provide a rich source of progenitor cells, and thi...
Drosophila melanogaster as a model system for genetics of postnatal cardiac function [0.03%]
果蝇作为遗传学模式系统在心功能研究中的应用
Matthew J Wolf,Howard A Rockman
Matthew J Wolf
The fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, is an excellent model system that has a vast set of molecular tools and mutants to dissect the genetic pathways that are responsible for the normal and abnormal cardiac function. While the majority of...
Silvia Daun,Gilles Clermont
Silvia Daun
Infectious disease has witnessed the emergence of mathematical modeling a tool of synthesizing data of growing complexity now available to clinicians and basic scientists alike. The purpose of this review is to introduce mathematical tools ...