Disorders of Water and Tissue Perfusion (Diabetes Insipidus, Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone Axis, and Anhidrosis) [0.03%]
水分和组织灌注紊乱（尿崩症、肾素-血管紧张素-醛固酮系统和无汗症）
Allison Thriffiley Palmer
Allison Thriffiley Palmer
This review highlights disorders of water and tissue perfusion in equids, specifically diabetes insipidus, the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone axis, and anhidrosis. The differences in renal versus central diabetes insipidus is discussed, as w...
Katherine Chope
Katherine Chope
Ultrasound is readily available to most practitioners and can be used in a straightforward manner to assess the liver. The liver can be assessed for size, shape, echogenicity, and architecture. Findings such as masses, cysts, granulomas, an...
Rana Bozorgmanesh,K Gary Magdesian
Rana Bozorgmanesh
Liver dysfunction may reduce the metabolism of drugs that undergo extensive hepatic processing. This will lead to reduced clearance and elimination, and can cause accumulation of the drug, increasing the risk of toxicity. Pentoxifylline and...
Jamie J Kopper
Jamie J Kopper
Clinical signs associated with liver disease in horses are often a reflection of underlying hepatic dysfunction but typically vague rather than pathognomonic. Many observed clinical signs are subtle or not recognizable in the early stages o...
Joanne Haughan,Jessica Cathcart,Joy E Tomlinson
Joanne Haughan
Horses in racing and race training can develop high gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) syndrome (HGS), or increased GGT without overt evidence of primary liver disease. Current evidence points toward overtraining and a response to oxidative s...
Joy E Tomlinson
Joy E Tomlinson
Sarah F Colmer,Kathryn J Timko,Amanda N Samuels
Sarah F Colmer
Hepatic encephalopathy is a neurologic syndrome caused by hepatic insufficiency or portosystemic shunting, leading to the accumulation of ammonia and other neurotoxins. Clinical signs range from subtle behavioral changes to seizures and rec...
Viral Hepatitis [0.03%]
病毒性肝炎
Joy Tomlinson
Joy Tomlinson
Since 2012, 2 viral causes of hepatitis have been identified in horses. Much remains to be discovered about their transmission, risk factors for clinical disease, diagnosis, and treatment approaches. Equine parvovirus-hepatitis has been ide...
Leslie C Sharkey
Leslie C Sharkey
Liver disease in horses is primarily evaluated using the routine serum biochemical profile with a few additional specialty tests of liver function that are performed when indicated. Serum enzyme activities are evaluated to indicate hepatoce...
Sandra D Taylor,Stephanie N Brooks
Sandra D Taylor
Miscellaneous equine liver conditions not covered in other chapters include chronic active hepatitis, Tyzzer's disease, seasonal idiopathic hepatitis, neoplasia, and idiopathic persistent hyperbilirubinemia. Chronic active hepatitis refers ...