Alexxai V Kravitz,Anatol C Kreitzer
Alexxai V Kravitz
Direct and indirect pathway striatal neurons are known to exert opposing control over motor output. In this review, we discuss a hypothetical extension of this framework, in which direct pathway striatal neurons also mediate reinforcement a...
Orphan nuclear receptors and the regulation of nutrient metabolism: understanding obesity [0.03%]
孤儿核受体与营养代谢调节及肥胖机制研究
Michael A Pearen,George E O Muscat
Michael A Pearen
Nuclear hormone receptors (NRs) are a superfamily of eukaryotic ligand-dependent transcription factors that translate endocrine, metabolic, nutritional, developmental, and pathophysiological signals into gene regulation. Members of the NR s...
Hedgehog signaling and maintenance of homeostasis in the intestinal epithelium [0.03%]
刺猬信号与肠道上皮稳态维护之间的关系
Nikè V J A Büller,Sanne L Rosekrans,Jessica Westerlund et al.
Nikè V J A Büller et al.
Homeostasis of the rapidly renewing intestinal epithelium depends on a balance between cell proliferation and loss. Indian hedgehog (Ihh) acts as a negative feedback signal in this dynamic equilibrium. We discuss recent evidence that Ihh ma...
Colin Butler,Martin Birchall,Adam Giangreco
Colin Butler
Human airways are a paragon of intrinsic engineering. They experience 7,000-10,000 liters of airflow/day, have a 70-m(2) surface area, and undergo complete renewal every 100-400 days. Despite this, airways are susceptible to aging, injury, ...
Susan F Steinberg
Susan F Steinberg
Protein kinase C (PKC) isoforms have emerged as important regulators of cardiac contraction, hypertrophy, and signaling pathways that influence ischemic/reperfusion injury. This review focuses on newer concepts regarding PKC isoform-specifi...
Robert David,Wolfgang-Michael Franz
Robert David
Differentiated adult cardiomyocytes (CMs) lack significant regenerative potential, which is one reason why degenerative heart diseases are the leading cause of death in the western world. For future cardiac repair, stem cell-based therapeut...
A V Bulankina,T Moser
A V Bulankina
The organ of Corti, the sensory epithelium of the mammalian auditory system, uses afferent and efferent synapses for encoding auditory signals and top-down modulation of cochlear function. During development, the final precisely ordered sen...
Anand Sitaram,Michael S Marks
Anand Sitaram
Vertebrate pigment cells in the eye and skin are useful models for cell types that use specialized endosomal trafficking pathways to partition cargo proteins to unique lysosome-related organelles such as melanosomes. This review describes c...
Electrically silent Kv subunits: their molecular and functional characteristics [0.03%]
无电流KV通道亚单位的分子和功能特征
Elke Bocksteins,Dirk J Snyders
Elke Bocksteins
Electrically silent voltage-gated potassium (KvS) α-subunits do not form homotetramers but heterotetramerize with Kv2 subunits, generating functional Kv2/KvS channel complexes in which the KvS subunits modulate the Kv2 current. This poses ...
Physiological regeneration of skin appendages and implications for regenerative medicine [0.03%]
生理学附属器再生及其对再生医学的意义
Cheng-Ming Chuong,Valerie A Randall,Randall B Widelitz et al.
Cheng-Ming Chuong et al.
The concept of regenerative medicine is relatively new, but animals are well known to remake their hair and feathers regularly by normal regenerative physiological processes. Here, we focus on 1) how extrafollicular environments can regulat...