Synonymous but Not Silent: The Codon Usage Code for Gene Expression and Protein Folding [0.03%]
同义但不沉默：用于基因表达和蛋白质折叠的密码子使用代码
Yi Liu,Qian Yang,Fangzhou Zhao
Yi Liu
Codon usage bias, the preference for certain synonymous codons, is found in all genomes. Although synonymous mutations were previously thought to be silent, a large body of evidence has demonstrated that codon usage can play major roles in ...
Yi Wen,Volker M Vogt,Gerald W Feigenson
Yi Wen
Located at the inner leaflet of the plasma membrane (PM), phosphatidyl-inositol 4,5-bisphosphate [PI(4,5)P2] composes only 1-2 mol% of total PM lipids. With its synthesis and turnover both spatially and temporally regulated, PI(4,5)P2 recru...
Detection and Degradation of Stalled Nascent Chains via Ribosome-Associated Quality Control [0.03%]
核糖体关联质量控制介导的新生肽链滞留及降解机制研究
Cole S Sitron,Onn Brandman
Cole S Sitron
Stalled protein synthesis produces defective nascent chains that can harm cells. In response, cells degrade these nascent chains via a process called ribosome-associated quality control (RQC). Here, we review the irregularities in the trans...
Eveline S Litscher,Paul M Wassarman
Eveline S Litscher
The zona pellucida (ZP) is an extracellular matrix that surrounds all mammalian oocytes, eggs, and early embryos and plays vital roles during oogenesis, fertilization, and preimplantation development. The ZP is composed of three or four gly...
Christopher A Caffalette,Jeremi Kuklewicz,Nicholas Spellmon et al.
Christopher A Caffalette et al.
Complex carbohydrates are essential for many biological processes, from protein quality control to cell recognition, energy storage, and cell wall formation. Many of these processes are performed in topologically extracellular compartments ...
Carlos Bustamante,Lisa Alexander,Kevin Maciuba et al.
Carlos Bustamante et al.
Manipulation of individual molecules with optical tweezers provides a powerful means of interrogating the structure and folding of proteins. Mechanical force is not only a relevant quantity in cellular protein folding and function, but also...
Ribonucleotide Reductases: Structure, Chemistry, and Metabolism Suggest New Therapeutic Targets [0.03%]
核糖核苷酸还原酶：结构、化学和代谢提示新的治疗靶点
Brandon L Greene,Gyunghoon Kang,Chang Cui et al.
Brandon L Greene et al.
Ribonucleotide reductases (RNRs) catalyze the de novo conversion of nucleotides to deoxynucleotides in all organisms, controlling their relative ratios and abundance. In doing so, they play an important role in fidelity of DNA replication a...
John L Rinn,Howard Y Chang
John L Rinn
We have known for decades that long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) can play essential functions across most forms of life. The maintenance of chromosome length requires an lncRNA (e.g., hTERC) and two lncRNAs in the ribosome that are required for...
Double the Fun, Double the Trouble: Paralogs and Homologs Functioning in the Endoplasmic Reticulum [0.03%]
加倍的欢乐，加倍的烦恼：内质网中的旁系同源物和直系同源物的功能关系
Emma J Fenech,Shifra Ben-Dor,Maya Schuldiner
Emma J Fenech
The evolution of eukaryotic genomes has been propelled by a series of gene duplication events, leading to an expansion in new functions and pathways. While duplicate genes may retain some functional redundancy, it is clear that to survive s...
Christoph Thomas,Robert Tampé
Christoph Thomas
ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters constitute one of the largest and most ancient protein superfamilies found in all living organisms. They function as molecular machines by coupling ATP binding, hydrolysis, and phosphate release to tr...