Traumatic brainstem injury [0.03%]
创伤性脑干损伤
Wellingson Silva Paiva,Raphael Bertani,Sávio Batista
Wellingson Silva Paiva
Traumatic brainstem injuries represent some of the most severe and life-threatening forms of head trauma, demanding a thorough understanding of their profound clinical implications. These injuries assume critical significance given the brai...
Brainstem vascular syndromes [0.03%]
脑干血管病综合征
Jorge Moncayo-Gaete,Julien Bogousslavsky
Jorge Moncayo-Gaete
The brainstem is a heterogeneous assembly of well-organized nuclei and pathways that play a critical role in motor, sensory, arousal, and autonomic functions. Because of its extensive reciprocal connections with the cortex, basal ganglia, a...
Lea Tenenholz Grinberg
Lea Tenenholz Grinberg
The brainstem, despite its modest size relative to the cerebral cortex, is critically involved in the pathology and clinical manifestations of numerous neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs). Historically, research on NDDs such as Alzheimer dise...
Dysarthria [0.03%]
构音障碍
Pamela M Enderby,Angela Morgan
Pamela M Enderby
The ability to communicate pervades every aspect of life, reflecting one's personality to oneself and to others, and is critical in forming and sustaining relationships, impacting education, employment, and social engagement. This chapter p...
Katsuichi Miyamoto,Susumu Kusunoki
Katsuichi Miyamoto
There are numerous autoimmune diseases that present with brainstem involvement including multiple sclerosis, neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders, myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease, acute disseminated enceph...
Intrinsic pontine tumors: Pathology of brainstem tumors and exploration of diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma [0.03%]
脑干肿瘤的病理及弥漫内生性桥脑胶质瘤的研究进展
Ryan Moon,Sabine Mueller,Pascale Varlet
Ryan Moon
Over the past decade, advances in brainstem biopsies and the discovery of the histone H3 mutation have revealed a new spectrum of brainstem tumors. In the brainstem, diffuse midline gliomas (DMGs) are most common in the pediatric population...
Helmut Heinsen,Lea Tenenholz Grinberg,Simone Bohnert
Helmut Heinsen
The brainstem connects the forebrain to the spinal cord. It consists of three layers, the ventral basis, the intermediate tegmentum, and the dorsal tectum. Caudo-rostrally, the brainstem is divided into the medulla oblongata or myelencephal...
David Gomez-Andres,Manuel Roig-Quils,Francina Munell
David Gomez-Andres
Prenatal development of the brainstem is a meticulously orchestrated process, reliant on the coordinated activity of numerous genes and environmental cues. Disruption of this process, whether by genetic mutations or acquired insults during ...
Pupillary disorders [0.03%]
瞳孔异常
Tim Beltraminelli,Aki Kawasaki
Tim Beltraminelli
This chapter provides a comprehensive overview of various conditions affecting the pupil, encompassing anatomic, developmental, and pathologic aspects. The relevant anatomy and embryology of the iris is described, highlighting the sphincter...
Claudia Krebs
Claudia Krebs
The precision of visual perception depends on accurately directing the fovea to objects of interest, a process mediated by six supranuclear oculomotor systems that all converge in the brainstem: saccadic and smooth pursuit, vestibular optok...