Karl-Wilhelm Koch
Karl-Wilhelm Koch
Vertebrate photoreceptor cells operate under very dim and bright illumination regimes. A protein machinery in rod and cone cells underlying the light response mediates photoexcitation, the return to the dark state, and adaptation processes....
Morven A Cameron
Morven A Cameron
The retinal circuits and neurotransmitters of the mammalian retina have been described in great depth over the past century. The retina is often regarded as a "simple" circuit that conveys light information detected in the photoreceptors th...
Genetics of the retina [0.03%]
视网膜的遗传学
Yasmine Zaydon,Fabiha Ahmed,Stephen Tsang
Yasmine Zaydon
The retina is a vital component of the visual system, converting light into neural signals processed by the brain. Its structure includes photoreceptors, bipolar cells, and ganglion cells, each contributing to vision. Genetics play a critic...
Vasculature: Choroid [0.03%]
血管系统：脉络膜
Emma M Navratil,Robert F Mullins
Emma M Navratil
The choroid is the highly vascularized connective tissue compartment exterior to the outer blood retinal barrier, which resides between the RPE and the sclera and is the main vascular supply for the retinal pigment epithelium and photorecep...
Julia H Joo,Vijay Jidigam,Sujata Rao
Julia H Joo
Retinal angiogenesis is the process of new blood vessel formation within the retina, the light-sensitive tissue located at the back of the eye. It is a tightly regulated physiologic process essential for supplying oxygen and nutrients to re...
Russell N VAN Gelder
Russell N VAN Gelder
In addition to the rods and cones that subserve vision, several classes of mammalian retinal ganglion cells are also directly photoreceptive. These "intrinsically photosensitive" retinal ganglion cells ("ipRGCs") utilize the nonvisual photo...
Functional diversity and clinical evaluation of retinal ganglion cells [0.03%]
视网膜神经节细胞的功能多样性和临床评估方法
Chase B Hellmer,Bart G Borghuis,Maureen A McCall
Chase B Hellmer
Visual perception requires continuous, reliable communication from the eye to the brain. This is made possible by retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), whose axons comprise the optic nerve. Within the mammalian retina, ∼100 million photoreceptors...
Abdul Rhman Hassan,Jeremy M Bohl,Tomomi Ichinose
Abdul Rhman Hassan
The retina consists of several specialized cell types, crucial for visual processing. Bipolar cells, amacrine cells, and horizontal cells are retinal interneurons, playing pivotal roles in transmitting and modulating visual information with...
Zander Esh,Vladimir J Kefalov
Zander Esh
This chapter outlines the current understanding on several key topics in the field of rod and cone photoreceptor research. First, we discuss the research techniques that have led to the knowledge accumulated to date, as well as novel approa...
Locked-in syndrome [0.03%]
闭锁综合征
Louis R Caplan,Ikram Asad
Louis R Caplan
The prerequisites for the locked-in stste are the presence of two components: one negative-sufficient paralysis of structures that render usual communications (mouth and oral apparatus for speech, and limbs for writing and pointing accurate...