Unmixing for Causal Inference: Thoughts on McCaffrey and Danks [0.03%]
因果推断中的拆分法：对McCaffrey和Danks的思考
Kun Zhang,Madelyn R K Glymour
Kun Zhang
McCaffrey and Danks have posed the challenge of discovering causal relations in data drawn from a mixture of distributions as an impossibility result in functional magnetic resonance (fMRI). We give an algorithm that addresses this problem ...
Peter Vickers
Peter Vickers
Probably the most dramatic historical challenge to scientific realism concerns Arnold Sommerfeld's ([1916]) derivation of the fine structure energy levels of hydrogen. Not only were his predictions good, he derived exactly the same formula ...
Tuomas E Tahko
Tuomas E Tahko
Biochemical kinds such as proteins pose interesting problems for philosophers of science, as they can be studied from the points of view of both biology and chemistry. The relationship between the biological functions of biochemical kinds a...
Asymmetry, Abstraction, and Autonomy: Justifying Coarse-Graining in Statistical Mechanics [0.03%]
不对称性、抽象性和自主性：统计力学中粗粒化的基本依据
Katie Robertson
Katie Robertson
While the fundamental laws of physics are time-reversal invariant, most macroscopic processes are irreversible. Given that the fundamental laws are taken to underpin all other processes, how can the fundamental time-symmetry be reconciled w...
Donal Khosrowi
Donal Khosrowi
In Simulation and Similarity, Michael Weisberg offers a similarity-based account of the model-world relation, which is the relation in virtue of which successful models are successful. Weisberg's main idea is that models are similar to targ...
Epistemic Justification and Methodological Luck in Inflationary Cosmology [0.03%]
宇宙暴胀学说中的认识论证明与方法运气问题
C D McCoy
C D McCoy
I present a recent historical case from cosmology-the story of inflationary cosmology-and on its basis argue that solving explanatory problems is a reliable method for making progress in science. In particular, I claim that the success of i...
Jonathan Fuller
Jonathan Fuller
It is sometimes thought that randomized study group allocation is uniquely proficient at producing comparison groups that are evenly balanced for all confounding causes. Philosophers have argued that in real randomized controlled trials thi...
Alex Broadbent
Alex Broadbent
In the literature on health, naturalism and normativism are typically characterized as espousing and rejecting, respectively, the view that health is objective and value-free. This article points out that there are two distinct dimensions o...
Decoding the Brain: Neural Representation and the Limits of Multivariate Pattern Analysis in Cognitive Neuroscience [0.03%]
解码大脑：神经表征及其在认知神经科学中多变量模式分析的局限性
J Brendan Ritchie,David Michael Kaplan,Colin Klein
J Brendan Ritchie
Since its introduction, multivariate pattern analysis (MVPA), or 'neural decoding', has transformed the field of cognitive neuroscience. Underlying its influence is a crucial inference, which we call the decoder's dictum: if information can...
Nicholas Shea,Peter Godfrey-Smith,Rosa Cao
Nicholas Shea
Our understanding of communication and its evolution has advanced significantly through the study of simple models involving interacting senders and receivers of signals. Many theorists have thought that the resources of mathematical inform...