Human rights did not emerge in a political or cultural vacuum; their origins in 20th-century legal frameworks and postcolonial power asymmetries continue to shape evolving notions of dignity and justice. Central to this evolution is the tension between civil and political rights, understood as immediately enforceable, and economic, social, and cultural rights, which are too often neglected or treated as merely aspirational. Securing health as a right requires both negative and positive state obligations, challenging simplistic divisions between public and private spheres and exposing how gendered, racialized, and class-based violence often remains hidden within private realms. Colonial legacies, neoliberal market forces, and structural inequalities further reinforce injustice by rendering marginalized groups undeserving of care. Grassroots movements, from AIDS activists to Indigenous women's campaigns, demonstrate the capacity of collective action to transform law, policy, and social norms. A rights-based approach to health financing demands that societies treat healthcare as a public good and moral commitment rather than as a commodity. At the global level, target-driven frameworks like the Millennium Development Goals have achieved discrete gains but often fail to address the systemic drivers of inequity. Ongoing armed conflicts reveal how militarized violence decimates health infrastructure and entrenches disparities for generations. True health equity and democracy, therefore, require robust institutions, transparent governance, and inclusive participation, all underpinned by the recognition that rights are shaped and reshaped by lived struggles. Only through this holistic lens, one that integrates civil, political, economic, social, and cultural dimensions, can efforts to realize the promise of universal human dignity be brought into practice.
Keywords: global health governance; health equity; human rights frameworks; localizing health; transformative constitutionalism.
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