Background: The increasing demands on family caregivers due to the shortage of healthcare professionals and the rising prevalence of chronic conditions underscore the need for adequate nursing support to enhance family caregivers' abilities and reduce their burden. No instrument exists to measure undergraduate nursing students' attitudes and skills in involving family caregivers. This study aimed to develop a questionnaire to evaluate undergraduate nursing students' attitudes and skills in caring for family caregivers.

Methods: A three-phase multi-method study was conducted involving a consortium of five universities in Italy, Denmark, India, Spain, and Sweden. Theoretical models and literature analysis and review informed initial item generation. Then, a Delphi process with purposefully selected international experts across three rounds refined the item list based on clarity, essentiality, and relevance, achieving consensus on a final set of items. Finally, pilot testing with purposefully selected 25 students assessed face validity and clarity.

Results: The preliminary phase led to 130 items. Delphi rounds reduced the initial 130 items to a refined set of 39 (13 items on attitudes, 26 on skills). Content Validity Index (CVI) scores for clarity and relevance were high (S-CVI/Ave = 0.93 for clarity, 1.0 for relevance). From the pilot test among 25 students, items scored an average clarity of 0.84 (I-CVI). Two items were removed, resulting in a final 37-item questionnaire (12 attitudes, 25 skills).

Discussion: The developed questionnaire bridges a gap in nursing education assessment. Emphasizing attitudes and skills, it addresses key areas such as understanding family dynamics, emotional support, and collaborative planning with caregivers, aligning with nursing education needs across diverse cultural contexts. The use of this instrument will support educational programs in enhancing family-centered care competencies of undergraduate nursing students, ultimately improving support for family caregivers in healthcare settings.

Keywords: Attitudes; Caring; Development; Family caregivers; Instrument; Skills; Undergraduate nursing students.

Copyright © 2025 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.

背景： 由于医疗专业人员短缺以及慢性病患病率上升，家庭护理人员的需求不断增加，这强调了需要提供充分的护理支持以增强家庭护理人员的能力并减轻他们的负担。目前还没有工具可以衡量本科护理学生在涉及家庭护理人员方面的态度和技能。本研究旨在开发一份问卷来评估本科护理学生在照顾家庭护理人员的态度和技能。

方法： 该研究采用了一个由五个大学组成的联盟（位于意大利、丹麦、印度、西班牙和瑞典），进行了一项多阶段的研究。理论模型及文献分析和回顾为初始项目生成提供了信息。随后，通过三轮的德尔菲过程与国际专家进行了精心挑选，并根据清晰度、必要性和相关性对项目列表进行了精炼，最终就项目的最终清单达成了共识。最后，通过对25名学生进行试点测试评估了问卷的内容有效性和清晰度。

结果： 初步阶段产生了130个项目。经过德尔菲轮的减少之后，最初的130个项目被精简为一组共39个项目的清单（其中13个项目针对态度，26个项目针对技能）。内容有效性指数（CVI）得分在清晰度和相关性方面都很高（S-CVI/Ave 清晰度 = 0.93，相关性 = 1.0）。从对25名学生的试点测试中，项目的平均清晰度得分为0.84（I-CVI）。删除了两个项目后，最终形成了一个包含37个问题的问卷（其中12个项目针对态度，25个项目针对技能）。

讨论： 该开发出的问卷填补了护理教育评估中的空白。它强调态度和技能，并涉及家庭动态、情感支持及与护理人员合作规划等关键领域，在不同文化背景下符合护理教育的需求。使用此工具将有助于教育项目提升本科护理学生以家庭为中心的照护能力，最终改善医疗环境中对家庭护理人员的支持。

关键词： 态度；护理；发展；家庭护理人员；仪器；技能；本科生护理学生。