Candida glabrata is an important human fungal pathogen known to cause life-threatening infections in people with impaired immune systems. In the mouth cavities, trachea, and catheters, Candida glabrata biofilm grows unhindered and is the primary etiological factor in the pathophysiology of candidiasis, in the worst cases, this leads to systemic infections. Therefore, developing novel biofilm preventative and therapeutic agents is urgently required. Here, in the present study, an effort was made to monitor the function of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) generated from a cyanobacterium (Anabaena variabilis) as a novel antibiofilm agent focusing on candidiasis. Anabaena variabilis cell extract was used to synthesize AgNPs, characterized by UV-visible spectroscopy. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of AgNPs was observed at 25 µg/mL in Candida glabrata. At the concentration of 2MIC of AgNPs (50 µg/mL), 67 ± 0.84% membrane permeability was noticed at the same concentration the viable cells were found at only 2.8 ± 2.0%; while in the early phase of apoptosis, were found at 15.5 ± 1.5%; and in the late phase of apoptosis, were found at 81.8 ± 4.2%, thus confirming the cell's death. Additionally, a cell-cycle study also declared the halted cycle in the S phase by increasing the number of cells. The growth inhibition assay shows that the test organism's growth steadily decreased in comparison to the control with increasing AgNPs concentrations. Additionally, in the scanning electron microscopic pictures of Candida glabrata treated with AgNPs, which exhibited deep wrinkles and deformity, confirming the cells death. At the concentrations of 2MIC of AgNPs (50 µg/mL) showed 72 ± 0.86% of biofilm inhibition and 80 ± 1.3% degradation during the biofilm study. In conclusion, all results demonstrate that AgNPs have great antifungal potential; therefore, AgNPs could be used to control biofilm produced by emerging multidrug-resistant Candida glabrata.

Keywords: Anabaena variabilis; Candida glabrata; Apoptosis; Biofilm; Silver nanoparticles.

© 2025. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature B.V.

高里亚特念珠菌（Candida glabrata）是一种重要的致病性真菌，已知会导致免疫系统受损的人发生危及生命的感染。在口腔、气管和导管中，高里亚特念珠菌生物膜不受阻碍地生长，并且是引起念珠菌病的首要病因，在最严重的情况下，这会导致全身性感染。因此，开发新型防生物膜和治疗剂显得极为紧迫。在此研究中，本研究试图监测由蓝藻（Anabaena variabilis）产生的银纳米粒子（AgNPs）作为抗生物膜新药在念珠菌病中的功能。使用Anabaena variabilis细胞提取物合成AgNPs，并通过紫外可见光谱法进行表征。在高里亚特念珠菌中，AgNPs的最小抑菌浓度（MIC）为25 µg/mL。在2倍MIC浓度（50 µg/mL）下，观察到67 ± 0.84%的膜通透性增加；同时，在该浓度下存活细胞仅占2.8 ± 2.0%，早期凋亡期细胞比例为15.5 ± 1.5%，晚期凋亡期细胞比例为81.8 ± 4.2%，从而确认了细胞死亡。此外，细胞周期研究表明在S期增加了细胞数，表明细胞周期停滞。生长抑制试验显示，在增加AgNPs浓度时，测试生物的生长与对照相比显著减少。扫描电子显微镜图像显示，用AgNPs处理后的高里亚特念珠菌细胞表面出现深皱纹和变形，确认了细胞死亡。在2倍MIC（50 µg/mL）浓度下，观察到72 ± 0.86%的生物膜抑制率以及80 ± 1.3%的生物膜降解率。总之，所有结果表明AgNPs具有显著的抗真菌潜力；因此，AgNPs可用于控制由多重耐药高里亚特念珠菌产生的生物膜。

关键词: Anabaena variabilis; Candida glabrata; 凋亡; 生物膜; 银纳米粒子。