Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are a large family of non-coding RNAs characterized by a single-stranded, covalently closed structure, predominantly synthesized through a back-splicing mechanism. While thousands of circRNAs have been identified, only a few have been functionally characterized. Although circRNAs are less abundant than other RNA types, they exhibit exceptional stability due to their covalently closed structure and demonstrate high cell and tissue specificity. CircRNAs play a critical role in maintaining cellular homeostasis by influencing gene transcription, translation, and post-translation processes, modulating the immune system, and interacting with mRNA, miRNA, and proteins. Abnormal circRNA expression has been associated with a wide range of human diseases and various infections. Due to their remarkable stability in body fluids and tissues, emerging research suggests that circRNAs could serve as diagnostic and therapeutic biomarkers for these diseases. This review focuses on the emerging role of circRNAs in various human diseases, exploring their biogenesis, molecular functions, and potential clinical applications as diagnostic and therapeutic biomarkers with current evidence, challenges, and future perspectives. The key theme highlights the significance of circRNAs in regulating gene expression, their involvement in diseases like cancer, neurodegenerative disorders, cardiovascular diseases, and diabetes, and their potential use in translational medicine for developing novel therapeutic strategies. We also discuss recent clinical trials involving circRNAs. Thus, this review is important for both basic researchers and clinical scientists, as it provides updated insights into the role of circRNAs in human diseases, aiding further exploration and advancements in the field.

Keywords: Cancer; Cardiovascular disease; Circular RNA (circRNA); Diabetes; Neurological dysfunction; Non-coding RNA.

© 2025. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.