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Following over a century's worth of research, our understanding of Pneumocystis has significantly expanded in various facets, spanning from its fundamental biology to its impacts on animal and human health. Its significance in public health has been underscored by its inclusion in the 2022 WHO fungal priority pathogens list. We present this review to summarize pivotal advancements in Pneumocystis epidemiology in relation to its host specificity and evolution. Following a concise discussion of Pneumocystis species classification and divergence at the species and strain levels, we devoted the main focus to the following aspects: the epidemiological characteristics of Pneumocystis across nearly 300 mammal species, the increasing recognition of coinfection involving multiple Pneumocystis species in the same host species, the diminishing host specificity of Pneumocystis among closely related host species, and the intriguingly discordant evolution of certain Pneumocystis species with their host species. A comprehensive understanding of host specificity, genetic diversity and evolution of Pneumocystis can provide important insights into pathogenic mechanisms and transmission modes. This, in turn, holds the potential to facilitate the development of innovative strategies for the prevention and control of Pneumocystis infection.
Keywords: Pneumocystis; co-infection; cross-species infection; epidemiology; evolution; genetic diversity; host specificity.
Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of FEMS 2025.
