Additive manufacturing. 2024 Mar:84:10.1016/j.addma.2024.104082. doi: 10.1016/j.addma.2024.104082 Q110.32024
Results of an interlaboratory study on the working curve in vat photopolymerization
箱外校正曲线的实验室间研究结果 翻译改进
Thomas J Kolibaba 1, Jason P Killgore 1, Benjamin W Caplins 1, Callie I Higgins 1, Uwe Arp 2, C Cameron Miller 2, Dianne L Poster 3, Yuqin Zong 2, Scott Broce 4, Tong Wang 5, Vaidas Talačka 6, Jonathan Andersson 7, Amelia Davenport 7, Matthew A Panzer 8, John R Tumbleston 8, Jasmine M Gonzalez 9, Jesse Huffstetler 9, Benjamin R Lund 9, Kai Billerbeck 10, Anthony M Clay 11, Marcus R Fratarcangeli 12, H Jerry Qi 12, Dominique H Porcincula 13, Lindsey B Bezek 14, Kenji Kikuta 15, Matthew N Pearlson 16, David A Walker 16, Corey J Long 17, Erion Hasa 18, Alan Aguirre-Soto 19, Angel Celis-Guzman 19, Daniel E Backman 20, Raghuveer Lalitha Sridhar 20, Kevin A Cavicchi 21, R J Viereckl 21, Elliott Tong 21, Christopher J Hansen 22, Darshil M Shah 22, Cecelia Kinane 23, Abdon Pena-Francesch 23, Carlo Antonini 24, Rajat Chaudhary 24, Gabriele Muraca 24, Yousra Bensouda 25, Yue Zhang 25, Xiayun Zhao 25
作者单位 +展开
作者单位
1 Applied Chemicals and Materials Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305, USA.2 Sensor Science Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA.3 Material Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA.4 3D Systems, 26600 SW Parkway Ave #300, Wilsonville, OR 97070, USA.5 Allnex USA Inc., 9005 Westside Parkway, Alpharetta, GA 30009, USA.6 AmeraLabs, Draugystes g. 14, Kaunas, Lithuania.7 Arkema, Inc., 1880 S. Flatirons Ct. Suite J, Boulder, CO 80301, USA.8 Carbon, Inc., 1089 Mills Way, Redwood City, CA 94063, USA.9 Desktop Metal, 1122 Alma Rd. Ste. 100, Richardson, TX 75081, USA.10 DMG Digital Enterprises SE, Elbgaustraße 248, Hamburg 22547, Germany.11 DEVCOM-Army Research Laboratory, FCDD-RLW-M, Manufacturing Science and Technology Branch, 6300 Roadman Road, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21005, USA.12 School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 801 Ferst Dr, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA.13 Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Ave, Livermore, CA 94550, USA.14 Los Alamos National Laboratory, PO Box 1663, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA.15 Osaka Organic Chemical Industry, Ltd., 1-7-2, Nihonbashi Honcho, Chuo, Tokyo 103-0023, Japan.16 PrintFoam, 230 James St. Ste C, Wales, WI 53183, USA.17 Sartomer, 502 Thomas Jones Way, Exton, PA 19341, USA.18 Stratasys, Inc., 1122 Saint Charles St, Elgin, IL 60120, USA.19 School of Engineering and Science, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Colonia Tecnológico, Avenida Eugenio Garza Sada 2501 Sur, Monterrey, Nuevo León 64849, Mexico.20 Lung Biotechnology, PBC., 1000 Sprint Street, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA.21 School of Polymer Science and Polymer Engineering, University of Akron., 250 S Forge St, Akron, OH 44325, USA.22 Department of Mechanical & Industrial Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Lowell, 1 University Ave, Lowell, MA 01854, USA.23 Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Michigan, 2800 Plymouth Rd, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.24 Department of Materials Science, University of Milano-Bicocca, Via R. Cozzi 55, Milan 20125, Italy.25 Department of Mechanical Engineering & Materials Science, University of Pittsburgh, 3700O'Hara Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA.
DOI: 10.1016/j.addma.2024.104082 PMID: 38567361
摘要 Ai翻译
The working curve informs resin properties and print parameters for stereolithography, digital light processing, and other photopolymer additive manufacturing (PAM) technologies. First demonstrated in 1992, the working curve measurement of cure depth vs radiant exposure of light is now a foundational measurement in the field of PAM. Despite its widespread use in industry and academia, there is no formal method or procedure for performing the working curve measurement, raising questions about the utility of reported working curve parameters. Here, an interlaboratory study (ILS) is described in which 24 individual laboratories performed a working curve measurement on an aliquot from a single batch of PAM resin. The ILS reveals that there is enormous scatter in the working curve data and the key fit parameters derived from it. The measured depth of light penetration Dp varied by as much as 7x between participants, while the critical radiant exposure for gelation Ec varied by as much as 70x. This significant scatter is attributed to a lack of common procedure, variation in light engines, epistemic uncertainties from the Jacobs equation, and the use of measurement tools with insufficient precision. The ILS findings highlight an urgent need for procedural standardization and better hardware characterization in this rapidly growing field.
Keywords: Digital light processing; Jacobs equation; Stereolithography; Vat photopolymerization; Working curve.
Keywords：interlaboratory study; working curve; photopolymerization
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