Objectives: Participation in group prenatal care (GPNC) has been associated with increased attendance at prenatal, family planning and postpartum visits. We explored whether GPNC participation is associated with pediatric care engagement by measuring well-child visit (WCV) attendance among infants whose births were covered by Medicaid.

Methods: We used Medicaid claims and vital statistics from the South Carolina Department of Health and Human Services and GPNC site participation records (2013-2018). We compared WCV attendance of CenteringPregnancy GPNC patients to a propensity-score matched cohort of individual prenatal care patients (IPNC) across 21 prenatal care practices using linear probability models. The primary outcome measure was attending 6 or more WCVs in the first 15 months, a Healthcare Effectiveness Data and Information Set (HEDIS) performance measure.

Results: No differences in WCV were observed when comparing any exposure to GPNC (one or more sessions) to IPNC. We identified 3191 patients who participated in GPNC and matched these with 5184 in IPNC. Participation in 5 or more GPNC sessions compared to 5 or more prenatal visits was associated with higher rates of WCV compliance over the first 15 months (4.7 percentage point difference [95% CI 3.1-6.3%, P < .001]), with stronger associations between GPNC and WCV attendance for low birthweight infants, for Black infants, and for infants of mothers with no previous live births.

Conclusions: This study suggests GPNC may modestly influence WCV attendance. The potential mechanisms and dose response require further investigation. Gaps in WCV attendance compared to benchmarks persist regardless of PNC model.

Keywords: group prenatal care; prenatal care education; well-child visits.

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