The spatiotemporal dynamics of conditioned behavior: First-order and higher-order conditioning [0.03%]
条件反应的时空动态变化：一级强化与二级强化
Victor M Navarro,Dominic M Dwyer,Robert C Honey
Victor M Navarro
Pavlovian conditioning procedures generate spatially and temporally distinct behaviors. For example, after rats have received pairings of a lever with food, they approach the food well during the lever (called goal-tracking) and interact wi...
Goal-direction and habit in human and nonhuman behavioral sequences (behavior chains) [0.03%]
目标导向与习惯在人类和非人类行为序列（行为链）中的作用
Eric A Thrailkill,Noah Elste,Catherine R Thorpe et al.
Eric A Thrailkill et al.
Habits are important in everyday life and are thought to be involved in several human behavioral pathologies, including addictions. Experiments with rats suggest that habit, as indexed by insensitivity of an instrumental response to separat...
The inside story: Interoceptive Pavlovian conditioning with the nicotine stimulus [0.03%]
内感受巴甫洛夫式条件作用的 nicotine 刺激现象
Scott T Barrett,Kathleen R McNealy,MacKenzie L Knabel et al.
Scott T Barrett et al.
Pavlovian conditioning plays a crucial role in promoting well-being and supporting healthy behaviors but also contributes to the development of diseases and psychopathologies. Much of the basic and applied research on these conditioning pro...
James Byron Nelson,Maria Del Carmen Sanjuan
James Byron Nelson
Extinction may alter the representation of a cue (e.g., it becomes less salient). To assess that idea, three groups learned to suppress mouse clicking in a video game in negative-patterning (X+/Y+/XY-) and positive-patterning (Z+/W+/ZW++) d...
Symmetrical "super learning": Enhancing causal learning using a bidirectional probabilistic outcome [0.03%]
对称的"超级学习"：利用双向概率结果增强因果学习
Santiago Castiello,Gabriella FitzGerald,Georgina M Aisbitt et al.
Santiago Castiello et al.
In a learning environment, with multiple predictive cues for a single outcome, cues interfere with or enhance each other during the acquisition process (e.g., Baker et al., 1993). Previous experiments have focused on cues that signal the pr...
Explicit and implicit intermixed-blocked effects in the absence of instructions requiring the search for differences between visual stimuli [0.03%]
无寻找视觉刺激差异要求时明确和模糊的混叠阻滞效应
Gabriel Rodríguez,Fernando Rodríguez-San Juan
Gabriel Rodríguez
In three experiments, participants were asked to mentally count how many target stimuli appeared in a sequence of presentations, without informing them that there were two types of stimuli (AX and BX) with a specific difference. Some partic...
Mark Haselgrove,Sandra Lagator,Sue Lynn Mah et al.
Mark Haselgrove et al.
Latent inhibition refers to the observation, made in both human and nonhuman animals, that learning about the relationship between a stimulus and an outcome progresses more rapidly when the stimulus is novel compared to when the stimulus ha...
Contextual modulation of human associative learning following novelty-facilitated extinction, counterconditioning, and conventional extinction [0.03%]
新颖性促进消退、逆条件作用和传统消退对人类联想学习的背景调节
Jérémie Jozefowiez,James E Witnauer,Yaroslav Moshchenko et al.
Jérémie Jozefowiez et al.
The expression of an association between a conditioned stimulus (CS) and an unconditioned stimulus (US) can be attenuated by presenting the CS by itself (i.e., extinction, Ext). Though effective, Ext is susceptible to recovery effects such ...
Both probability and rate of reinforcement can affect the acquisition and maintenance of conditioned responses [0.03%]
概率和强化频率都能影响条件反应的习得和保持
Jorge Mallea,Atara Schulhof,Charles R Gallistel et al.
Jorge Mallea et al.
In Pavlovian conditioning, the strength of a conditioned response is a function of the probability of reinforcement. However, manipulations of probability are often confounded with changes in the rate of reinforcement. Two between-group exp...
Test performance in optional shift and configural acquired equivalence are positively correlated [0.03%]
选项转换测试和构念获得等价性测试的表现呈正相关关系
Sara Bru García,David N George,Jasper Robinson
Sara Bru García
In two experiments, participants completed two computer-based tasks: a configural acquired equivalence procedure and an optional-shift procedure. Both revealed that test performance was positively correlated, even when controlling for nonsp...