Valerie J Parker,Dennis J Chew
Valerie J Parker
This article discusses hypercalcemia, emphasizing its causes, diagnosis, and management. It highlights that serum calcium levels reflect water and protein-bound calcium, with ionized calcium being the active form. Common causes include prim...
Céline Pouzot-Nevoret
Céline Pouzot-Nevoret
This text outlines a structured approach to diagnose and manage hypoxemia in dogs and cats using pulse oximetry and arterial blood gas (ABG) analysis. It details the main causes-low FiO2, hypoventilation, and venous admixture-and explains h...
Carlos Torrente Artero
Carlos Torrente Artero
Metabolic acid-base disorders frequently occur in emergency and critically ill patients. Recognizing these disturbances can be challenging, particularly when multiple acid-base imbalances coexist within a single patient. The anion gap (AG) ...
Kate Hopper
Kate Hopper
This article discusses respiratory acidosis, a condition caused by inadequate alveolar ventilation leading to elevated Pco2 levels. It highlights the importance of accurate blood gas analysis for diagnosis, emphasizing the role of Pco2 meas...
Efa Llewellyn,Simone Cutler
Efa Llewellyn
Magnesium is an electrolyte essential for life and plays a crucial role in several biochemical and physiologic processes in the body. Dysmagnesemia, defined as the presence of either hypomagnesemia or hypermagnesemia, is common in criticall...
Joseph R Frame,Lori S Waddell
Joseph R Frame
Fluid therapy is a crucial part to any treatment plan in small animal patients. It is imperative that clinicians understand the distribution of body fluids and Starling's forces when prescribing fluids for a patient. The first step in desig...
Kristin Zersen
Kristin Zersen
Critically ill patients may be at higher risk for fluid overload and the development of interstitial edema due to damage to the endothelial glycocalyx, myocardial dysfunction, vasoplegia, renal dysfunction, increased vascular permeability, ...
Corrin John Boyd
Corrin John Boyd
Balanced isotonic crystalloids are the mainstay of fluid therapy in veterinary medicine. They are an appropriate option in many circumstances, including treatment of shock, dehydration, ongoing fluid losses, and provision of maintenance flu...
Neonatology and Pediatrics [0.03%]
新生儿科与儿科
Sophie A Grundy,Autumn P Davidson
Sophie A Grundy