Sabrina N Hoehne
Sabrina N Hoehne
A wide variety of underlying disease processes in dogs and cats can be associated with potassium disorders. Both moderate-to-severe hypokalemia and hyperkalemia can have immediately life-threatening consequences and veterinary clinicians mu...
Jamie M Burkitt-Creedon,Karen Michelle Vernau
Jamie M Burkitt-Creedon
This article reviews fluid therapy principles for puppies and kittens, emphasizing their higher and distinct fluid and electrolyte requirements compared to adults. It discusses clinical signs, diagnostic tools, and routes of administration-...
Daniel J Fletcher,Helio Autran de Morais
Daniel J Fletcher
Acid-base disorders are common in emergent and critically ill patients. Acid-base analysis of blood gas samples can provide important diagnostic and therapeutic information to aid the clinician in managing these dynamic cases. This article ...
Valerie J Parker,Dennis J Chew
Valerie J Parker
This article discusses calcium homeostasis, emphasizing the importance of ionized calcium (iCa) as the active form regulated primarily by parathyroid hormone, vitamin D, and other factors. It highlights causes of hypocalcemia, including ren...
Luis Feo Bernabe,Helio Autran de Morais
Luis Feo Bernabe
Hypokalemia occurs due to gastrointestinal or renal losses, transcellular shifts, or reduced intake. Serum potassium reflects extracellular water balance but not total body potassium. Clinical signs, including muscle weakness and arrhythmia...
Jordi Puig,Helio Autran de Morais
Jordi Puig
This article highlights the essential physiological roles of magnesium, a predominantly intracellular cation and critical cofactor in numerous enzymatic reactions that support metabolism, electrolyte balance, neuromuscular transmission, and...
Yu Ueda
Yu Ueda
Chloride, the most abundant extracellular anion, is vital for maintaining electroneutrality, acid-base balance, and neuromuscular function. It closely interacts with sodium and helps regulate osmolality and fluid balance. Corrected chloride...
Luis Feo Bernabe,Helio Autran de Morais
Luis Feo Bernabe
Hyperkalemia is mainly caused by decreased renal potassium excretion but can also result from increased intake or cellular translocation. It affects water and electrolyte balance, with serum levels serving as a key diagnostic indicator. Ele...
Elise R den Boer,Hille Fieten,Kathleen M Aicher
Elise R den Boer
Copper-associated hepatitis is a common cause of primary liver disease in dogs, generally caused by a combination of genetic susceptibility and environmental factors, such as dietary copper intake. Several mutations involving the genes ATPa...
Kate Hopper
Kate Hopper
The incidence of respiratory acid-base abnormalities in the critical care unit (CCU) is unknown, although respiratory alkalosis is suspected to be common in this population. Abnormal carbon dioxide levels can have many physiologic effects a...