Martine Duclos
Martine Duclos
Certain international sports federations are requesting that glucocorticoids (GCs) be removed from the World Antidoping Agency's list of banned products. Their arguments are based on the fact that GCs are in widespread use in sports medicin...
Mario Thevis,Gerd Sigmund,Hans Geyer et al.
Mario Thevis et al.
Stimulants have been frequently detected in doping control samples and represent a structurally diverse class of compounds. Comprehensive sports drug-testing procedures have been developed using gas or liquid chromatography combined with ma...
Ergogenic effects of inhaled beta2-agonists in non-asthmatic athletes [0.03%]
非哮喘运动员吸入性β₂肾上腺素受体激动剂的促效能作用
Bernd Wolfarth,Jan C Wuestenfeld,Wilfried Kindermann
Bernd Wolfarth
The potential ergogenic effects of asthma medication in athletes have been controversially discussed for decades. The prevalence of asthma is higher in elite athletes than in the general population. The highest risk for developing asthmatic...
Pierre-Edouard Sottas,Martial Saugy,Christophe Saudan
Pierre-Edouard Sottas
The Athlete Biological Passport (ABP) is an individual electronic document that collects data regarding a specific athlete that is useful in differentiating between natural physiologic variations of selected biomarkers and deviations caused...
Sports-related issues and biochemistry of natural and synthetic anabolic substances [0.03%]
与体育有关的问题及合成的和天然的类固醇的生物化学性质
Maria K Parr,Ulrich Flenker,Wilhelm Schänzer
Maria K Parr
Testosterone is the principal male sex hormone. As with all natural steroids, it is biosynthesized from cholesterol. Phase I metabolism employs some very specific enzymes and pathways. Phase II metabolism and excretion follow more general p...
Ioulietta Erotokritou-Mulligan,Richard I G Holt
Ioulietta Erotokritou-Mulligan
It is believed that insulin and insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) are abused by professional athletes, either alone or in combination with growth hormone (GH) and anabolic steroids. The recent introduction of IGF-I to clinical practice i...
Martin Bidlingmaier,Jenny Manolopoulou
Martin Bidlingmaier
Catching athletes abusing human growth hormone (GH) by official antidoping tests is challenging because of specific properties of the hormone. Furthermore, the chemical structure of recombinant GH (rGH) is identical to that of the main GH i...
Growth hormone administration: is it safe and effective for athletic performance [0.03%]
生长激素的使用：它能增强运动表现并安全吗？
Vita Birzniece,Anne E Nelson,Ken K Y Ho
Vita Birzniece
Human growth hormone (GH) is widely abused by athletes; however, there is little evidence that GH improves physical performance. Replacement of GH in GH deficiency improves some aspects of exercise capacity. There is evidence for a protein ...
The worldwide fight against doping: from the beginning to the World Anti-Doping Agency [0.03%]
全球反兴奋剂行动：从最初到世界反兴奋剂机构(WADA)成立
Matthias Kamber,Primus-E Mullis
Matthias Kamber
This article describes the worldwide endeavor to combat doping in sports. It describes the historical reasons the movement began and outlines the current status of this effort by international sports groups, governments, and the World Anti-...
Primus-E Mullis
Primus-E Mullis