Guido Rindi,Frediano Inzani,Enrico Solcia
Guido Rindi
Nonneoplastic and neoplastic proliferative lesions of endocrine cells of the gastrointestinal tract are detailed. A multistep continuum from hyperplasia, dysplasia to neoplasia is identified for histamine-producing enterochromaffin-like (EC...
Eric H Liu,Kjell Oberg
Eric H Liu
Fundamental medical principles, such as hormone action, distant physiologic regulation, and ductless secretion were once mysteries. They now form the basis of basic medical diagnostics and therapeutics. This article discusses and reviews th...
Aaron I Vinik
Aaron I Vinik
Derek LeRoith
Derek LeRoith
R Paul Robertson
R Paul Robertson
Whole pancreas has been used successfully for transplantation for more than 30 years, and islets have been used reproducibly with success for 10 years; both procedures require drugs for immunosuppression. Success is judged by discontinuatio...
Philip E Cryer
Philip E Cryer
Iatrogenic hypoglycemia, typically the result of the interplay of therapeutic hyperinsulinemia and compromised defenses resulting in hypoglycemia-associated autonomic failure (HAAF) in diabetes, is a problem for people with type 1 diabetes ...
L Yvonne Melendez-Ramirez,Robert J Richards,William T Cefalu
L Yvonne Melendez-Ramirez
The prevalence of diabetes is increasing worldwide and the concern regarding the number of new cases of diabetes relates to the development of chronic complications. It has been recognized for years that the complications are a cause of con...
Toward closing the loop: an update on insulin pumps and continuous glucose monitoring systems [0.03%]
迈向封闭循环：胰岛素泵和连续葡萄糖监测系统的最新进展
Tandy Aye,Jen Block,Bruce Buckingham
Tandy Aye
This article reviews current pump and continuous glucose monitoring therapy and what will be required to integrate these systems into closed-loop control. Issues with sensor accuracy, lag time, and calibration are discussed as well as issue...
David M Tridgell,Angela H Tridgell,Irl B Hirsch
David M Tridgell
Type 1 diabetes poses unique inpatient challenges because of the risks of diabetic ketoacidosis, uncontrolled hyperglycemia, and hypoglycemia. Although newer insulin analogs and insulin pumps provide means for improved glycemic control, the...
Sanjeev N Mehta,Joseph I Wolfsdorf
Sanjeev N Mehta
The current standard of care for patients with type 1 diabetes (T1D) employs a system of intensive diabetes management aimed at near-normal glycemia, which reduces the risk of micro- and macrovascular complications. Optimal management is an...