Paula Menzies
Paula Menzies
Staphylococcus aureus is the most important cause of clinical mastitis in goats, and non-aureus staphylococci is the most common isolate from subclinical mastitis. Environmental streptococci are a severe problem. Somatic cell counts and Cal...
Michelle Anne Kutzler,Michelle Ing
Michelle Anne Kutzler
Hysteroscopy in alpacas and llamas allows for the identification of abnormalities on the surface or within the endometrium that cannot be identified with other methods. Hysteroscopy also allows for site-directed endometrial cytology, cultur...
Hayder Mohammed Hassan Habeeb,Michelle Anne Kutzler
Hayder Mohammed Hassan Habeeb
Estrus synchronization and manipulation are a tool that has been used by producers to provide uniform lamb and kid meat production and dairy sheep and goat milk production, to concentrate work and labor cost, and to plan for the lambing and...
Joe S Smith,Jennifer Schleining,Paul Plummer
Joe S Smith
Small ruminants are increasing in popularity as both production and companion animals in the United States. Among sheep, goats, and camelids, there are many disease processes and management techniques that have the potential to result in pa...
N Isaac Bott
N Isaac Bott
There are hundreds of small reindeer operations scattered across the continental United States. These facilities house small groups of reindeer, typically between 2 and 30 animals. Small ruminant practitioners often are called on to help di...
Jamie L Stewart,Clifford F Shipley
Jamie L Stewart
Reproductive tract diseases can be a significant cause of subfertility or infertility in male small ruminants. Affected males can usually be identified early by performing routine serologic screening and yearly breeding soundness examinatio...
Clare M Scully
Clare M Scully
Small ruminants frequently experience urologic conditions, such as obstructive urolithiasis, posthitis, vulvitis, and urinary tract infections. Urologic conditions are more common in male small ruminants, especially castrated males, primari...
Susanne M Stieger-Vanegas,Erica McKenzie
Susanne M Stieger-Vanegas
Ultrasound imaging is the mainstay of urinary and reproductive imaging in small ruminants, assisted by the relatively superficial location of the urinary and reproductive tracts in these species. Radiography can provide an excellent overvie...
Tasman Flora,Mary Smallman,Michelle Anne Kutzler
Tasman Flora
Neonatal maladjustment syndrome is characterized by depressed consciousness, neurologic signs, and reduced or nonexistent suckle reflex. Resuscitation compression (squeezing) has been used in newborn foals and calves to reduce the behaviora...
Steve Ensley,Tim J Evans
Steve Ensley