Applying Concepts of Causal Inference to Infectious Bovine Keratoconjunctivitis [0.03%]
因果推理在传染性牛结膜角膜炎中的应用
Annette M O&#x;Connor
Annette M O&#x;Connor
Establishing causation, otherwise known as causal assessment, is a difficult task, made more difficult by the variety of causal assessment frameworks available to consider. In this article, Bradford Hill viewpoints are used to discuss the e...
Bovine Immune Responses to Moraxella bovis and Moraxella bovoculi Following Vaccination and Natural or Experimental Infections [0.03%]
牛感染Moraxella bovis和Moraxella bovoculi后接种疫苗和自然或实验性感染的免疫反应
John A Angelos,Paola Elizalde,Philip Griebel
John A Angelos
Studies have sought to develop effective vaccines against infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis (IBK). Most research has focused on parenterally administered vaccines against Moraxella bovis antigens; however, researchers have also include...
Mac Kneipp
Mac Kneipp
Pinkeye and infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis (IBK) are imprecise terms that describe diverse ocular diseases. Moraxella bovis is the major causative agent of IBK; however, disease epidemiology is not fully known. Not all cases referre...
Small Ruminant Practice [0.03%]
小反刍兽医学
Michelle Anne Kutzler,Cindy Wolf
Michelle Anne Kutzler
Abdominal Imaging in Small Ruminants: Liver, Spleen, Gastrointestinal Tract, and Lymph Nodes [0.03%]
小型反刍动物腹部影像学：肝脏、脾脏、胃肠和淋巴结
Susanne M Stieger-Vanegas,Erica McKenzie
Susanne M Stieger-Vanegas
Ultrasonography and radiography are the most frequently used imaging techniques to evaluate abdominal pathology in domestic animals. Ultrasonography can often achieve a diagnosis in small ruminants, with ease of use and virtually no contrai...
Paul J Plummer,Melissa N Hempstead,Jan K Shearer et al.
Paul J Plummer et al.
This article discusses key welfare issues for small ruminants and gives practical management advice. Welfare assessment is vital to ensure that optimal conditions are provided. Practitioners can play a key role in identifying areas of poten...
Danelle A Bickett-Weddle,Renée D Dewell,Charles E McIntosh
Danelle A Bickett-Weddle
Sheep operations will be subject to movement controls during a US foot and mouth disease outbreak and should be prepared to manage animal and product movement disruptions. The voluntary Secure Sheep and Wool Supply (SSWS) Plan for Continuit...
Cindy Wolf
Cindy Wolf
Small ruminant lentiviruses (SLRVs) have been recognized throughout the world for decades. SLRVs are a heterogenous group of viruses that can infect sheep, goats, and wild ruminants. Evidence supports cross-species infection. These viruses ...
Jennifer Johns,Meera Heller
Jennifer Johns
Anemia is a clinically important syndrome in small ruminants. Anemia can be divided into regenerative and nonregenerative forms. Differentials for regenerative anemia include hemorrhage owing to gastrointestinal or external parasitism or he...
Pain Management in Small Ruminants and Camelids: Applications and Strategies [0.03%]
小反刍动物和骆驼科动物的疼痛管理：应用与策略
Joe S Smith,Jennifer Schleining,Paul Plummer
Joe S Smith
Small ruminants are increasing in popularity as production and companion animals in the United States, and among sheep, goats, and camelids there are many disease processes and management techniques that have the potential to result in pain...