Helen E Roberts,Stephen A Smith
Helen E Roberts
The respiratory organ of fish is the gill. In addition to respiration, the gills also perform functions of acid-base regulation, osmoregulation, and excretion of nitrogenous compounds. Because of their intimate association with the environm...
Susan E Orosz,Cathy A Johnson-Delaney
Susan E Orosz
Marilyn A Koski
Marilyn A Koski
Research in complementary and alternative veterinary medicine (CAVM) has increased dramatically in recent years. Acupuncture represents the most commonly practiced and extensively researched of all the CAVM modalities. Acupuncture is consid...
Jessica K Rychel,Matthew S Johnston,Narda G Robinson
Jessica K Rychel
Injury and illness in zoologic companion animals can lead to significant pain and debilitation. Recovery can be slow and sometimes frustrating. By augmenting recovery from trauma or disease with physical medicine and rehabilitation techniqu...
Marcy J Souza,Sherry K Cox
Marcy J Souza
Numerous analgesics are available for use in animals, but only a few have been used or studied in zoologic species. Tramadol is a relatively new analgesic that is available in an inexpensive, oral form, and is not controlled. Studies examin...
Pain management in ferrets [0.03%]
负鼠的疼痛管理
Hugo van Oostrom,Nico J Schoemaker,Joost J Uilenreef
Hugo van Oostrom
The growing popularity of ferrets as pets has created the demand for advanced veterinary care for these patients. Pain is associated with a broad range of conditions, including acute or chronic inflammatory disease, neoplasia, and trauma, a...
Rabbit analgesia [0.03%]
兔镇痛法
Linda S Barter
Linda S Barter
With the increasing popularity of rabbits as household pets, the complexity of diagnostic and surgical procedures performed on rabbits is increasing, along with the frequency of routine surgical procedures. More practitioners are faced with...
Rodent analgesia [0.03%]
啮齿类动物镇痛術
Amy L Miller,Claire A Richardson
Amy L Miller
Rodents of all species are frequently kept as companion animals, with increasing client expectations for the care of their animals. Fortunately, specialist veterinary interest and information is now available for treatment of rodents. In th...
Avian analgesia [0.03%]
鸟类镇痛学说文献综述
Michelle G Hawkins,Joanne Paul-Murphy
Michelle G Hawkins
Avian analgesia is now recognized as a critical component of avian medicine and surgery. The need to recognize pain and to provide pain relief is the first step, and many anecdotal therapeutic doses have been extrapolated from other compani...
Craig Mosley
Craig Mosley
The ability of reptiles to "feel" pain and the significance of pain or nociception on physiologic homeostasis is an exceedingly complex question requiring integration of both physiologic and behavioral evidence. Until further information is...