Konicek Cornelia,Maria-E Krautwald-Junghanns
Konicek Cornelia
Cardiovascular diseases are common in pet birds. Diagnosis is often made postmortem only. In any case, suspicious for cardiac disease, a full diagnostic work up should be applied. First indications are given by the anamnestic data. Relative...
Lionel Schilliger
Lionel Schilliger
The notion that poikilotherms do not suffer from cardiovascular conditions is being increasingly challenged as diagnostic tools used in companion animal practice are applied to reptiles. However, the cause, diagnosis, and treatment of cardi...
The Amphibian Heart [0.03%]
两栖动物的心脏
Silvana Schmidt-Ukaj,Michaela Gumpenberger,Annika Posautz et al.
Silvana Schmidt-Ukaj et al.
Currently, there are more than 8200 amphibian species described, including the orders Anura (frogs and toads), Caudata (salamanders and newts) and Gymnophiona (caecilians). Amphibians have 3 heart chambers: 2 atria and 1 ventricle. Their he...
J Matthias Starck,Jeanette Wyneken
J Matthias Starck
The heart development, form, and functional specializations of chelonians, squamates, crocodilians, and birds characterize how diverse structure and specializations arise from similar foundations. This review aims to summarize the morpholog...
Miranda J Sadar,João Brandão
Miranda J Sadar
Snake Sedation and Anesthesia [0.03%]
蛇的镇静和麻醉
Daniel Almeida,Martin Kennedy,Erin Wend-Hornickle
Daniel Almeida
Snakes can be more challenging to anesthetize compared with other animals because of anatomic and physiologic differences, a wide range of patient sizes, and variable responses to anesthetic agents. Snakes have preferred optimal temperature...
Tatiana H Ferreira,Christoph Mans
Tatiana H Ferreira
The field of lizard sedation, anesthesia, and locoregional anesthesia is advancing with new drug protocols being evaluated, and new locoregional techniques being developed and evaluated. Inducing and maintaining effective and safe chemical ...
Stefania Scarabelli,Nicola Di Girolamo
Stefania Scarabelli
Anesthetic management of chelonians represents a unique challenge; the order Chelonia includes numerous species that display diverse anatomic features, habitats, body sizes, temperaments, and metabolic rates. Owing to their peculiar charact...
Peter M DiGeronimo,Anderson F da Cunha
Peter M DiGeronimo
Local anesthetics provide analgesia and can be incorporated into multimodal anesthetic protocols. They work by blocking the voltage-dependent sodium ion channels along neurons that mediate nociception. Systemically, these drugs can be cardi...
Peter M DiGeronimo,Julie A Balko
Peter M DiGeronimo
Amphibians commonly are managed under human care for research, education, conservation, and companionship and frequently are in need of sedation, anesthesia, or end-of-life care involving euthanasia. Objective investigation of sedative and ...