Cell signaling (mechanism and reproductive toxicity): redox chains, radicals, electrons, relays, conduit, electrochemistry, and other medical implications [0.03%]
细胞信号转导(机制与生殖毒性)：红氧链、自由基、电子、信号中继、电信道、电化学及其他医学意义
Peter Kovacic,Robert S Pozos
Peter Kovacic
This article deals with a novel, simple, integrated approach to cell signaling involving basic biochemical principles, and their relationship to reproductive toxicity. Initially, an overview of the biological aspects is presented. According...
Mechanism of teratogenesis: electron transfer, reactive oxygen species, and antioxidants [0.03%]
致畸机制：电子传递、活性氧和抗氧化剂
Peter Kovacic,Ratnasamy Somanathan
Peter Kovacic
Teratogenesis has been a topic of increasing interest and concern in recent years, generating controversy in association with danger to humans and other living things. A veritable host of chemicals is known to be involved, encompassing a wi...
Jason M Hansen
Jason M Hansen
Emerging evidence shows that redox-sensitive signal transduction pathways are critical for developmental processes, including proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis. As a consequence, teratogens that induce oxidative stress (OS) may ...
Extracellular modulation of BMP activity in patterning the dorsoventral axis [0.03%]
骨形态发生蛋白在体模 dorsal-ventral 轴图案构成中作用的细胞外调节
Shawn C Little,Mary C Mullins
Shawn C Little
Signaling via bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) regulates a vast array of diverse biological processes in the developing embryo and in postembryonic life. Many insights into BMP signaling derive from studies of the BMP signaling gradients ...
Distinct mechanisms underlie pattern formation in the skin and skin appendages [0.03%]
皮肤及附属器中的图案形成有不同的机制基础
Randall B Widelitz,Ruth E Baker,Maksim Plikus et al.
Randall B Widelitz et al.
Patterns form with the break of homogeneity and lead to the emergence of new structure or arrangement. There are different physiological and pathological mechanisms that lead to the formation of patterns. Here, we first introduce the basics...
Is the early left-right axis like a plant, a kidney, or a neuron? The integration of physiological signals in embryonic asymmetry [0.03%]
早期左右轴的形成像植物、肾脏还是神经元？胚胎不对称性中生理信号的整合
Michael Levin
Michael Levin
Embryonic morphogenesis occurs along three orthogonal axes. While the patterning of the anterior-posterior and dorsal-ventral axes has been increasingly well-characterized, the left-right (LR) axis has only relatively recently begun to be u...
Harald W A Ehlen,Laetitia A Buelens,Andrea Vortkamp
Harald W A Ehlen
Hedgehog signaling coordinates a variety of patterning processes during early embryonic development. Drosophila hedgehog and its vertebrate orthologs, Sonic hedgehog, Indian hedgehog, and Desert hedgehog, share a generally conserved signal ...
Genetic patterning of the mammalian telencephalon by morphogenetic molecules and transcription factors [0.03%]
形态发生分子和转录因子在哺乳动物大脑皮层遗传图案形成中的作用
Hiroshi Takahashi,Fu-Chin Liu
Hiroshi Takahashi
Patterning centers that produce gradients of morphogenetic molecules, including fibroblast growth factor (FGF), bone morphogenetic proteins (BMP), Wnt, Sonic hedgehog (Shh), and retinoic acid (RA), are located in telencephalic anlage during...
Proteolytic regulatory mechanisms in the formation of extracellular morphogen gradients [0.03%]
蛋白酶解调节机制在细胞外形态发生梯度形成中的作用
Ellen K LeMosy
Ellen K LeMosy
Growth factors are secreted into the extracellular space, where they encounter soluble inhibitors, extracellular matrix glycoproteins and proteoglycans, and proteolytic enzymes that can each modulate the spatial distribution, activity state...
Anders Fjose,Oyvind Drivenes
Anders Fjose
The discovery of the phenomenon of RNA interference (RNAi) and its existence in mammals quickly suggested a great potential for use in disease therapy. Rapid advances have been made in the development of RNAi-based technologies and promisin...