Rational versus anti-rational interpretations of science: an ape-language case-study [0.03%]
科学的理性与反理性诠释--以黑猩猩语言计划为例
Robert P Farrell
Robert P Farrell
Robert Nola (2003) has argued that anti-rationalist interpretations of science fail to adequately explain the process of science, since objective reasons can be causal factors in belief formation. While I agree with Nola that objective reas...
What was Fisher's fundamental theorem of natural selection and what was it for? [0.03%]
费歇自然选择基本定理及其作用是什么？
Anya Plutynski
Anya Plutynski
Fisher's 'fundamental theorem of natural selection' is notoriously abstract, and, no less notoriously, many take it to be false. In this paper, I explicate the theorem, examine the role that it played in Fisher's general project for biology...
Storytelling, statistics and hereditary thought: the narrative support of early statistics [0.03%]
讲故事、统计数据和遗传思想：早期统计学叙事支持
Carlos López-Beltrán
Carlos López-Beltrán
This paper's main contention is that some basically methodological developments in science which are apparently distant and unrelated can be seen as part of a sequential story. Focusing on general inferential and epistemological matters, th...
Eduardo Wilner
Eduardo Wilner
Darwin used artificial selection (ASN) extensively and variedly in his theorizing. Darwin used ASN as an analogy to natural selection; he compared artificial to natural varieties, hereditary variation in nature to that in the breeding farm;...
Draughtsmen, botanists and nature: constructing eighteenth-century botanical illustrations [0.03%]
十八世纪的植物插图：绘制员、植物学家和自然景观
Kärin Nickelsen
Kärin Nickelsen
At first glance botanical illustrations of the eighteenth century might be interpreted as being naturalistic portraits of living plants. A more detailed investigation, however, reveals that the pictures were meant to communicate typical fea...
Uncommon trajectories: steroid hormones, Mexican peasants, and the search for a wild yam [0.03%]
非常规路线：甾体激素、墨西哥农民和寻找野生薯蓣素的故事
Gabriela Soto Laveaga
Gabriela Soto Laveaga
This article analyzes how evolving pharmaceutical technology, chemical advances, and world politics created the need for an abundant and cheap supply of steroids, and how decisions made in faraway laboratories ultimately determined that a M...
Maurice Cassier
Maurice Cassier
Whereas Pasteur patented the biotechnological processes that he invented between 1857 and 1873 in the agro-food domain, he did not file any patents on the artificial vaccine preparation processes that he subsequently developed. This absence...
The 'experimental stable' of the BCG vaccine: safety, efficacy, proof, and standards, 1921-1933 [0.03%]
结核菌素试验的安全性、效力、证明和标准：卡介苗的“实验常态”，1921—1933年
Christian Bonah
Christian Bonah
The anti-tuberculosis BCG (Bacille Calmette-Guérin) vaccine was conceived and developed between 1905 and 1921 at Pasteur Institutes in France. Between 1921 and A. Calmette's death in 1933, the vaccine went through a first period of nationa...
Biotherapies of chronic diseases in the inter-war period: from Witte's peptone to Penicillium extract [0.03%]
战间期慢性病的生物疗法：从魏特肽到青霉提取物
Ilana Löwy
Ilana Löwy
In the inter-war period physicians elaborated numerous 'biotherapies' grounded in the complex interactions between physiology, bacteriology and immunology. The elaboration of these non-specific biological treatments was stimulated by the th...
Making British cortisone: Glaxo and the development of corticosteroids in Britain in the 1950s-1960s [0.03%]
20世纪50-60年代英国葛兰素公司皮质类固醇药物的开发：制造英国 cortisone
Viviane Quirke
Viviane Quirke
Following the announcement in 1949 in the USA that cortisone offered rheumatoid arthritis sufferers effective treatment for their crippling disease, the Ministry of Health came under considerable pressure from the medical profession and the...