Y Hasenfeld
Y Hasenfeld
Human service programs have gone from a period of rapid growth in the 1960s and early 1970s to a period of retrenchment in the 1980s. The changing political and economic context has forced these programs to undergo major organizational tran...
P R Lee,C L Estes
P R Lee
The making of health policy in the United States is a complex process that involves the private and public sectors, including multiple levels of government. Five characteristics of the policy process are identified, which establish the mean...
Incomplete vertical integration in the health care industry: pseudomarkets and pseudopolicies [0.03%]
医疗卫生行业的不完全垂直整合：伪市场与伪政策
R G Evans
R G Evans
Most economic relationships are either arm's-length exchange transactions, each party seeking his or her own interest, or command structures, such as a firm or public agency, integrating joint efforts toward a common goal. The health care i...
L D Brown
L D Brown
Since 1970 federal policymakers have tried to strengthen competition and incentive-based market forces as alternatives to regulation in containing health costs. The effort to stimulate the growth of health maintenance organizations (HMOs) t...
W McClure
W McClure
This article reviews the so-called competition strategy for medical care. It sets out the policy goals of the strategy and the problems in the present medical and insurance system that it seeks to address. It then describes several distinct...
S E Berki
S E Berki
Liberal distributional values, the increasingly powerful capacity of medicine to provide more and better care, and concern about the health hazards of an industrial society fueled the vast expansion of the health care sector during the last...
Industrial rationalization of a cottage industry: multi-institutional hospital systems [0.03%]
手工业的工业化：多机构医院系统
H S Zuckerman
H S Zuckerman
The environment facing hospitals, generally supportive until the 1970s, may now be characterized as complex, turbulent, and constrained. In response to such environmental conditions, hospitals have adopted new strategies and structures. The...
E Ginzberg
E Ginzberg
Although it is difficult to ascertain whether or not the nation faces an oversupply of physicians in the coming decades, there is no doubt that a health care system can be operated more effectively with a taut supply of medical personnel th...
A Donabedian
A Donabedian
Clinical decisions require determining the objectives of care as well as selecting and implementing a strategy of care. At the very least the optimal strategy balances the expected benefit and harm from technical interventions. Health care ...
B C Vladeck,J P Firman
B C Vladeck
The demographic revolution--engendered in large part by modern medicine--which has led to the extraordinary and continuing increase in the number and proportion of elderly persons in the population has profound implications for health servi...