[Emerging multidrug-resistant microorganisms among travelers returning to France and persons repatriated from foreign hospitals] [0.03%]
[返回法国的旅客和从外国医院遣返人员中出现多重耐药微生物]
Didier Lepelletier,Antoine Andremont,Patrick Choutet
Didier Lepelletier
The spread of multidrug-resistant bacteria has become a major problem in France in recent years, owing to increasing antibiotic exposure, growing international exchanges, repatriation of hospitalized French patients, and treatment of French...
[Importation of infectious diseases to Europe via animals and animal products: risks and pathways] [0.03%]
通过动物及畜产品输入欧洲的传染病及其风险和路径分析
Jeanne Brugère-Picoux,Bruno Chomel
Jeanne Brugère-Picoux
Importation of tropical infectious diseases to Europe via animals and animal products. Most emerging and resurgent diseases observed in France in recent decades have been zoonoses, and some have caused unprecedented health crises. The growi...
Monique Adolphe,André-Laurent Parodi
Monique Adolphe
François Lachapelle
François Lachapelle
EC Directive 86/609, governing the protection of animals used for scientific purposes, is currently under review. The new text remains to be finalized but will likely include the following measures:--prior authorization will be required for...
Isabelle Fabre
Isabelle Fabre
The use of alternative methods to animal testing are an integral part of the 3Rs concept (refine, reduce, replace) defined by Russel & Burch in 1959. These approaches include in silico methods (databases and computer models), in vitro physi...
Raymond Ardaillou
Raymond Ardaillou
Transgenic mice bear stable, artificially induced genetic modifications that are transmitted to their offspring. They are prepared from cultured embryonic stem cells isolated from blastocysts. The stem cells are then transfected with a vect...
Nancy Claude
Nancy Claude
Since 1959, when Russel and Burch formulated the 3Rs principle (Reduce, Replace, Refine), the scientific community has been attempting to reduce the use of laboratory animals for research purposes. Current regulatory guidelines take this pr...
Jean Sassard,Michel Hamon,Francis Galibert
Jean Sassard
Animal experimentation is of considerable importance in pharmacology and cannot yet be avoided when studying complex, highly integrated physiological functions. The use of animals has been drastically reduced in the classical phases of phar...
Alain Carpentier
Alain Carpentier
We live in a digital world In medicine, computers are providing new tools for data collection, imaging, and treatment. During research and development of complex technologies and devices such as artificial hearts, computer simulation can pr...
André-Laurent Parodi
André-Laurent Parodi
In the 1970s, under pressure from certain sections of society and thanks to initiatives by several scientific research teams, committees charged with improving the conditions of laboratory animals started to be created, first in the United ...