1191520 529 1744103661 med9 anxiety disorders,genetic influences,environmental influences 2025 Mar 6;17(3):e80157. 10.7759/cureus.80157 Fear is an emotion most humans feel throughout their lifetime, often without knowing its exact cause. Fear is considered a behavioural act to escape a potentially threatening situation, whereas anxiety is distinguished by the lack of actual stimuli and, more so, the threat of potential stimuli. Fear and anxiety are two distinct emotions which warrant separate classifications. Understanding both the genetic and environmental influences which contribute to anxiety disorder onset and development can aid in prevention, diagnosis and management; it may also play a role in helping patients further understand their diagnosis and guide future research. This review examines genetic and environmental contributions to the onset and development of anxiety disorders and explores their implications for treatments and further research. An extensive search of databases, including PubMed, Web of Science and Google Scholar, using specific search terms led to the collection of a large number of studies prior to further screening. The inclusion criteria were: studies written in English, full-text available, human studies, and studies conducted within the last 10 years (at the time of writing). The exclusion criteria were: animal studies, studies with a focus on neurological anatomy rather than anxiety disorders, and studies including depressive or other psychological disorders. Using a cross-sectional approach allowed for the strengths to be summarised whilst considering the limitations of the research. The studies were screened for limitations and some of these were stated within the research, whilst others had to be interpreted using a subset of pre-formulated questions to ensure reproducibility. Variables such as the main outcomes, conclusions and limitations were tabulated to guide the interpretation of these studies. Genetic predispositions were linked to specific gene polymorphisms or familial abnormalities in neurological anatomy and often correlated with the likelihood of the onset of anxiety disorders or contributed to the severity of symptoms. Environmental influences were found to affect the functioning of the brain and some studies established the impacts that therapies have on brain function. The majority of studies have implicated that a combination of genetics and environment have an effect on anxiety disorders, with one study suggesting that a single traumatic event can lead to alterations in the function of specific genes related to anxiety disorders. Both genetic and environmental factors contribute to the onset, development and severity of anxiety disorders, with environmental triggers often influencing the phenotypic expression of these disorders. Further research would benefit from determining specific processes which lead to the onset of anxiety disorders to facilitate their detection and intervention before resulting in life-long and generational consequences. Studies including larger sample sizes and varied subjects would be advantageous in the future. Keywords: disease genetics; environmental science; general anxiety disorder; human genetics and epigenetics; ocd/ anxiety disorders. Copyright © 2025, Fox-Gaffney et al. Cureus 2168-8184 1 Medicine, Surrey and Sussex NHS Healthcare Trust, Redhill, GBR.2 Geriatrics, Surrey and Sussex NHS Healthcare Trust, Redhill, GBR. Cureus Fox-Gaffney KA;Singh PK; Kayleigh A Fox-Gaffney,Pankaj K Singh 2025 焦虑障碍的遗传和环境影响：其起病与发展的系统性综述 40190844 焦虑障碍,遗传影响,环境影响 Review 1085536 526 1742106747 med9 Neurological Anatomy Applied to the Deltopectoral Surgical Approach: Safety Parameters in the Latarjet Procedure 2025 Mar 12;60(1):1-8. 10.1055/s-0044-1800921 Rev Bras Ortop (Sao Paulo) 0102-3616 1 Grupo de Ombro e Cotovelo, Serviço de Ortopedia e Traumatologia, Hospital do Servidor Público Estadual (HSPE), São Paulo, SP, Brasil. Revista brasileira de ortopedia Farias ALN;Tanaka LY;Castro LV;Costa MPD;Brasil Filho R;Tenor Júnior AC; André Leonardo Nogueira Farias,Leonardo Yabu Tanaka,Larissa Vasconcelos de Castro,Miguel Pereira da Costa,Romulo Brasil Filho,Antonio Carlos Tenor Júnior 2025 40084290 应用于三角肌胸大肌手术入路的神经解剖学知识:Latarjet手术中的安全性参数 Neurological Anatomy,Safety Parameters,Latarjet Procedure 神经解剖,锁骨胸大肌入路,安全参数,Latarjet手术 1438873 358 1720808941 med6 Neuroanatomy in a middle Cambrian mollisoniid and the ancestral nervous system organization of chelicerates 2022 Jan 20;13(1):410. 10.1038/s41467-022-28054-9 Recent years have witnessed a steady increase in reports of fossilized nervous tissues among Cambrian total-group euarthropods, which allow reconstructing the early evolutionary history of these animals. Here, we describe the central nervous system of the stem-group chelicerate Mollisonia symmetrica from the mid-Cambrian Burgess Shale. The fossilized neurological anatomy of M. symmetrica includes optic nerves connected to a pair of lateral eyes, a putative condensed cephalic synganglion, and a metameric ventral nerve cord. Each trunk tergite is associated with a condensed ganglion bearing lateral segmental nerves, and linked by longitudinal connectives. The nervous system is preserved as reflective carbonaceous films underneath the phosphatized digestive tract. Our results suggest that M. symmetrica illustrates the ancestral organization of stem-group Chelicerata before the evolution of the derived neuroanatomical characters observed in Cambrian megacheirans and extant representatives. Our findings reveal a conflict between the phylogenetic signals provided by neuroanatomical and appendicular data, which we interpret as evidence of mosaic evolution in the chelicerate stem-lineage. © 2022. The Author(s). Nature communications 1 Museum of Comparative Zoology and Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA. jortegahernandez@fas.harvard.edu.2 Museum of Comparative Zoology and Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA.3 Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, 60 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA. Nat Commun 2041-1723 Ortega-Hernández J;Lerosey-Aubril R;Losso SR;Weaver JC; Javier Ortega-Hernández,Rudy Lerosey-Aubril,Sarah R Losso,James C Weaver 2022 35058474 中寒武纪瓣鳃纲动物神经解剖结构及其节肢动物螯亚门祖先神经系统演化关系研究 middle cambrian mollisoniid,ancestral nervous system,chelicerates 中寒武纪 mollisoniid,祖先神经系统,螯肢动物 865052 339 1720028062 med6 [Cervicothoracic neuroblastomas : benefits of transmanubrial osteomuscular-sparing approach] Article in French 2021 Sep;76(9):666-671. We report the case of a child suffering from a neonatal cervicomediastinal neuroblastoma encasing the left subclavian artery and the left vertebral artery. There is only a few pediatric tumors extending from the neck to the upper part of the thorax. Because of the complex vascular and neurological anatomy of this area, the surgical excision of these cervicothoracic neuroblastomas is a real challenge. It is why, when we decided to propose a surgical management, we used the Transmanubrial Osteomuscular-Sparing Approach (TOSA), of which technique and benefits will be explained in this article. Nous rapportons le cas d’un enfant présentant un neuroblastome cervico-médiastinal néonatal engaînant les artères sous-clavière et vertébrale gauches. Les tumeurs s’étendant du cou à la partie supérieure du thorax sont rares en pédiatrie. De plus, l’anatomie vasculo-nerveuse complexe de cette région rend l’exérèse difficile. C’est pourquoi, à l’âge de 20 mois, lorsqu’une prise en charge chirurgicale a été décidée, nous avons utilisé l’approche transmanubriale avec épargne ostéo-musculaire ou TOSA (Transmanubrial Osteomuscular-Sparing Approach) dont nous détaillons la technique et les avantages. Keywords: Cervicothoracic surgery; Child; Osteomuscular; TOSA; Neuroblastoma; sparing. Revue medicale de Liege 1 Service de Chirurgie générale, CHR Citadelle, Liège, Belgique.2 Service de Pédiatrie, CHR Citadelle, Liège, Belgique.3 ) Service de Radiologie, CHR Citadelle, Liège, Belgique.4 Service de Chirurgie cardiovasculaire, CHR Citadelle, Liège, Belgique.5 Service de Chirurgie cardiovasculaire, CHU Liège, Belgique. Rev Med Liege 0370-629X Martus S;Gatineau-Sailliant S;Tebache M;Sanoussi A;Minga Lowampa E;Demarche M; S Martus,S Gatineau-Sailliant,M Tebache,A Sanoussi,E Minga Lowampa,M Demarche 2021 2021 Sep Case Reports 34477337 胸腔镜颈胸神经母细胞瘤手术的肌肉和骨 sparing 技术益处探究 cervicothoracic neuroblastomas 颈胸神经母细胞瘤 48124 311 1718867339 med6 Customised hybrid CT-MRI 3D-printed model for grade V spondylolisthesis in an adolescent 2021 Mar 1;14(3):e239192. 10.1136/bcr-2020-239192 3D-printed patient-specific models provide added value for initial clinical diagnosis, preoperative surgical and implant planning and patient and trainee education. 3D spine models are usually designed using CT data, due to the ability to rapidly image osseous structures with high spatial resolution. Combining CT and MRI to derive a composite model of bony and neurological anatomy can potentially provide even more useful information for complex cases. We describe such a case involving an adolescent with a grade V spondylolisthesis in which a composite model was manufactured for preoperative and intraoperative evaluation and guidance. We provide a detailed workflow for creating such models and outline their potential benefit in guiding a multidisciplinary team approach. Keywords: neurosurgery; orthopaedics; radiology. © BMJ Publishing Group Limited 2021. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ. BMJ case reports BMJ Case Rep 1757-790X Parthasarathy J;Sribnick EA;Ho ML;Beebe A; Jayanthi Parthasarathy,Eric A Sribnick,Mai-Lan Ho,Allan Beebe 2021 Case Reports 33649040 用于青少年滑椎症5级的定制式CT-MRI混合3D打印模型 hybrid ct-mri,3d-printed model,spondylolisthesis 混合CT-MRI,3D打印模型,椎体滑脱症 1236352 43 1718134659 med1 Neurological structures and mediators of pain sensation in anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction 2019 Sep:225:28-32. 10.1016/j.aanat.2019.05.010 Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) tears is a devastating injury and one of the most common knee injuries experienced by athletes in the United States. Although patients reach maximal subjective improvement by one-year following ACL reconstruction, many patients often experience moderate to severe post-operative pain. Opioids, intra-articular injections, and regional anesthesia have been previously implemented to mediate post-operative pain. However, chronic opioid usage has become an epidemic in the United States. Alternative analgesic modalities, such as nerve blocks, have been implemented in clinical practice to provide adequate pain relief and minimize opioid usage. Periarticular injections targeted towards local neurological structures performed concomitantly with nerve blocks provides superior pain relief and satisfaction than isolated nerve blocks. Therefore, it is imperative for physicians to understand local neurological anatomy around the knee joint in order to provide adequate analgesia while minimizing opioid consumption. This purpose of this investigation is to summarize (1) neurogenic origins of pain generators and mediators in sites affected by ACL reconstruction and autograft harvest sites and (2) analgesia utilized in ACL reconstruction. Keywords: Analgesia; Anterior cruciate ligament; Neuroanatomy; Pain; Sensation. Copyright © 2019 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved. Ann Anat 1618-0402 Annals of anatomy = Anatomischer Anzeiger : official organ of the Anatomische Gesellschaft 1 School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, United States. Electronic address: ajhong@llu.edu.2 Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Westchester Medical Center, Valhalla, NY, United States. Electronic address: avinesh.agarwalla@icloud.com.3 Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Loma Linda University Medical Center, Loma Linda, CA, United States. Electronic address: jnliu@llu.edu.4 Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Wake Forest University Baptist Medical Center, Winston-Salem, NC, United States. Electronic address: anirudhkgowd@gmail.com.5 Our Lady of the Lourdes Health System, Burlington, NJ, United States. Electronic address: seanmcmillan1217@icloud.com.6 Orthopaedic and Neurosurgery Specialists for Clinical Research and Education, Greenwich, CT, United States. Electronic address: sethi@onsmd.com.7 Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Loma Linda University Medical Center, Loma Linda, CA, United States. Electronic address: naminmd@gmail.com. Hong AJ;Agarwalla A;Liu JN;Gowd AK;McMillan S;Sethi PM;Amin NH; Andrew J Hong,Avinesh Agarwalla,Joseph N Liu,Anirudh K Gowd,Sean McMillan,Paul M Sethi,Nirav H Amin 2019 2019 Sep 31195095 前交叉韧带重建的疼痛感觉的神经结构和介质 neurological structures,pain sensation 前交叉韧带重建,神经结构,疼痛感覚 1011704 36 1717819171 med1 Sonographic follow-up after endoscopic carpal tunnel release for severe carpal tunnel syndrome: a one-year neuroanatomical prospective observational study 2019 Apr 9;20(1):157. 10.1186/s12891-019-2548-6 BMC Musculoskelet Disord 1471-2474 BMC musculoskeletal disorders Li M;Jiang J;Zhou Q;Zhang C; Miao Li,Jue Jiang,Qi Zhou,Chen Zhang 2019 30967143 Observational Study 内镜治疗重度腕管综合征术后1年超声随访的神经解剖观察研究 sonographic follow-up,severe carpal tunnel syndrome 内镜下腕管松解术,超声随访,重度腕管综合征 1242777 228 1718088328 med4 Transanal endoscopic proctectomy and nerve injury risk: bottom to top surgical anatomy, key points 2014 Sep;57(9):1145-8. 10.1097/DCR.0000000000000187 The transanal approach for rectal resection is a promising approach, because it increases the circumferential radial margin, especially for difficult cases. Meanwhile, functional sequelae are frequent after rectal cancer surgery and are often due to neurological lesions. There is little literature describing surgical anatomy from bottom to top. We combined our surgical experience with our fetal and adult anatomical research to provide a bottom-up surgical description focusing on neurological anatomy (see Video, Supplemental Digital Content 1, http://links.lww.com/DCR/A148). Diseases of the colon and rectum Dis Colon Rectum 1530-0358 Bertrand MM;Colombo PE;Alsaid B;Prudhomme M;Rouanet P; M M Bertrand,P E Colombo,B Alsaid,M Prudhomme,P Rouanet 2014 2014 Sep 25101614 经肛门内镜显微手术治疗直肠疾病及神经损伤风险：外科解剖与关键点 nerve injury risk 经肛门内镜直肠切除术,神经损伤风险 229763 620 1721739876 med11 [Metatarsalgia and neuropathies of the foot. Differential diagnosis] Article in Spanish 2011 Jan 1;52(1):37-44. Introduction: Metatarsalgia is the main symptom of a group of frequent ailments characterised by pain in the balls of the feet. Clinical knowledge and the availability of efficient complementary examinations are useful tools for the neurologist. Aim: To describe the range of processes related with metatarsalgia and a basic diagnostic schema that allows the aetiology to be differentiated. Development: We perform an elementary review of the neurological anatomy of the foot and outline the different neuropathies affecting the region, as well as the extra neurological processes that could call for a differential diagnosis. Conclusions: Familiarity with the pathologies responsible for metatarsalgias, whether they are neurological or not, is an enriching element for the diagnosis and management of these patients, as well as for greater efficiency in the referral among the medical professionals involved. Rev Neurol 1576-6578 Revista de neurologia 1 Unidad de Electromiografía Clínica, Hospital General Universitario de Albacete, Albacete, España. josempardal@yahoo.es Pardal-Fernández JM;Rodríguez-Vázquez M; José M Pardal-Fernández,María Rodríguez-Vázquez 2011 21246492 Review 跖痛和下肢神经病的鉴别诊断 metatarsalgia,neuropathies,differential diagnosis 跖痛症,神经病,鉴别诊断 1635386 731 1725692586 med12 Potential neurological risk during a titanium rib procedure and appropriate intraoperative neurophysiologic monitoring modalities 2010 Sep;50(3):199-210. The titanium rib procedure is a safe and effective way of surgically treating pediatric patients with thoracic insufficiency syndrome and scoliosis. As with any invasive surgical procedure, it is not without risks. This article explains the potential risks to neurological structures while outlining the surgical approach and the neurological anatomy in the vicinity of the implanted instrumentation. The types of potential nerve injury involve ischemia, trauma, compression, and stretch. Furthermore, a suitable compilation of modalities of intraoperative neurophysiologic monitoring is recommended to detect and avoid long-term nerve or spinal cord insult. Monitoring modalities that would be appropriate for this procedure are discussed. American journal of electroneurodiagnostic technology Am J Electroneurodiagnostic Technol 1086-508X Roper MT; Megan T Roper 2010 2010 Sep 20957975 钛肋骨手术中的潜在神经风险及适当的术中神经生理监测方法 titanium rib procedure,neurological risk 钛肋手术,神经风险,术中神经生理监测