Emerging molecular mechanism of neuroinflammation in Parkinson's disease: A JAK/STAT and TGFβ/SMAD signaling crosstalk
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Neuroinflammation has emerged as a convergent pathological signature of Parkinson's disease (PD), shaping both its onset and progression. Persistent activation of glial cells, driven by elevated proinflammatory cytokines, creates a self-reinforcing inflammato... ...