Cryptogenic brain abscess: Right-to-left shunt in pulmonary arteriovenous malformation and hepatopulmonary syndrome
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Background: Pulmonary arteriovenous fistula (PAVF) and hepatopulmonary syndrome (HPS) both cause right-to-left shunting, allowing pathogens to bypass the pulmonary filtration barrier and enter systemic circulation, leading to bra... ...
