Transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation combined with ciprofol for sedation in patients undergoing same-session bidirectional endoscopy: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, three-arm non-inferiority trial protocol
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Background: Transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation (taVNS) provides targeted modulation of the autonomic nervous system and descending pain pathways, exerting analgesic potential. However, high-quality evidence remains ... ...
