Venous Drainage and Nipple-Areolar Complex Necrosis After Nipple-Sparing Mastectomy: A Cadaveric and Prospective Clinical Cohort Study
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Background: Nipple-sparing mastectomy (NSM) with immediate implant-based breast reconstruction (IBBR) offers excellent aesthetic outcomes, but nipple-areolar complex (NAC) necrosis remains a major complication. Although arterial ... ...
