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Bifidobacteria infantis and human milk oligosaccharides have independent and synergistic effects on immune response and amino acid metabolism in germ-free mouse models

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Early-life microbial colonization is essential for gut and immune development. Human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) support the growth of Bifidobacterium infantis (BI). Here, we studied the individual and combined effects of BI and HMOs on the immune and colon t... ...