Numerical simulation of gonadal vein hemodynamics in nutcracker syndrome-associated varicocele: effects of Valsalva maneuver and clinical implications
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Objectives: Nutcracker syndrome (NCS) is a vascular disorder characterized by compression of the left renal vein (LRV), frequently complicated by varicocele in male patients. The Valsalva maneuver is routinely used to provoke ven... ...
