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Macrophage-MSCs Interplay in Orthodontic Bone Remodelling: Mechanics-Immunity-Stem Cell Axis

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During orthodontic treatment, the balance of bone remodelling is dynamically regulated by macrophages and site-specific mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) through the mechanics-immunity-stem cell axis. Polarization of macrophages from the pro-inflammatory M1 phenot... ...