Stimuli-responsive 4D-bioprinted constructs for musculoskeletal tissue regeneration: Shape-morphing mechanisms, cell-laden bioink engineering, and preclinical outcomes
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Introduction: Musculoskeletal disorders impose a substantial global disability burden. Conventional 3D bioprinting cannot replicate the dynamic, anisotropic architecture of bone, cartilage, skeletal muscle, and cardiac muscle. Fo... ...
