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Caffeic Acid Protects Keratinocytes from PM2.5 by Regulating ROS, Mitochondrial Integrity, and JNK Activation

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Caffeic acid (CA) is a naturally occurring phenolic compound known for its strong antioxidant and cytoprotective properties. Particulate matter (PM) with an aerodynamic diameter of 2.5 µm (PM2.5) or less is a major atmospheric pollutant that induces excessive... ...