Development and Validation of a Nomogram to Predict the Difficult Transradial Approach for Percutaneous Transluminal Angioplasty in Radiocephalic Arteriovenous Fistulas
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Background: The transradial approach (TRA) is a critical access method for percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTA) in hemodialysis (HD) patients with arteriovenous fistula (AVF) dysfunction, yet its technical challenges remai... ...
