Starch-based hydrogels for heavy metal remediation: A critical review of progress, pitfalls, and rational design
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Starch-based hydrogels are widely studied as biobased adsorbents for heavy metal removal, with reported Pb2+ and Cu2+ capacities ranging from 60 to over 850 mg g-1. This broad performance spectrum, however, masks a persistent limitation: the origins of such va... ...