Chronic neonicotinoid exposure disrupts survival, development, digestive enzymes, and gut microbiome in honeybee queen larvae (Apis mellifera L.)
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Honeybee queens (Apis mellifera L.) are essential for colony sustainability, most study mainly focused on the acute toxicity of chemical insecticides. This study investigated the chronic effects of three prevalent neonicotinoids on honeybee queen larvae develo... ...
