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Mesenchymal stromal cell-derived extracellular vesicles in regenerative medicine: Standardisation, bioengineering and clinical translation

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Mesenchymal stromal cell-derived extracellular vesicles (MSC-EVs) have emerged as promising cell-free therapeutics that recapitulate key paracrine functions of MSCs whilst mitigating limitations of viable-cell therapies. Clinical translation is hindered by inc... ...