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Effect of the addition of a low-dose of ketamine to propofol anaesthesia on the phase-amplitude coupling features of an electroencephalogram

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Background: Low-dose ketamine as an adjunct to propofol-based total intravenous anaesthesia (TIVA) complicates hypnotic depth monitoring by increasing bispectral index values and altering electroencephalogram (EEG). Phase-amplitu... ...